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Abstract
Massive populations of sardines inhabit both the western and eastern boundaries of the world’s subtropical ocean basins, supporting both commercial fisheries and populations of marine predators. Sardine populations in western and eastern boundary current systems have responded oppositely to decadal scale anomalies in ocean temperature, but the mechanism for differing variability has remained unclear. Here, based on otolith microstructure and high-resolution stable isotope analyses, we show that habitat temperature, early life growth rates, energy expenditure, metabolically optimal temperature, and, most importantly, the relationship between growth rate and temperature are remarkably different between the two subpopulations in the western and eastern North Pacific. Varying metabolic responses to environmental changes partly explain the contrasting growth responses. Consistent differences in the life-history traits are observed between subpopulations in the western and eastern boundary current systems around South Africa. These growth and survival characteristics can facilitate the contrasting responses of sardine populations to climate change.
Using high-resolution stable isotope and microstructure analyses of otoliths, this study reveals that sardine populations in the western and eastern North Pacific have different early life metabolic and growth rates that respond contrastingly to temperature variations. These findings could explain observations of different responses in these populations to decadal-scale temperature anomalies.
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1 Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan
2 The University of Tokyo, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X); National Taiwan University, Institute of Oceanography, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.19188.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 0546 0241)
3 NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, USA (GRID:grid.422702.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1356 4495); University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, USA (GRID:grid.410445.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 0957)
4 University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X); The University of Tokyo, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X)
5 The University of Tokyo, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X)
6 Kyoto University, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033); National Institute of Technology, Ibaraki College, Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Ibaraki, Japan (GRID:grid.471617.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8705 6146)