Abstract

The XENON collaboration has published stringent limits on specific dark matter – nucleon recoil spectra from dark matter recoiling on the liquid xenon detector target. In this paper, we present an approximate likelihood for the XENON1T 1 t-year nuclear recoil search applicable to any nuclear recoil spectrum. Alongside this paper, we publish data and code to compute upper limits using the method we present. The approximate likelihood is constructed in bins of reconstructed energy, profiled along the signal expectation in each bin. This approach can be used to compute an approximate likelihood and therefore most statistical results for any nuclear recoil spectrum. Computing approximate results with this method is approximately three orders of magnitude faster than the likelihood used in the original publications of XENON1T, where limits were set for specific families of recoil spectra. Using this same method, we include toy Monte Carlo simulation-derived binwise likelihoods for the upcoming XENONnT experiment that can similarly be used to assess the sensitivity to arbitrary nuclear recoil signatures in its eventual 20 t-year exposure.

Details

Title
An approximate likelihood for nuclear recoil searches with XENON1T data
Author
Aprile, E. 1 ; Abe, K. 2 ; Agostini, F. 3 ; Ahmed Maouloud, S. 4 ; Alfonsi, M. 5 ; Althueser, L. 6 ; Andrieu, B. 4 ; Angelino, E. 7 ; Angevaare, J. R. 8 ; Antochi, V. C. 9 ; Antón Martin, D. 10 ; Arneodo, F. 11 ; Baudis, L. 12 ; Baxter, A. L. 13 ; Bellagamba, L. 3 ; Biondi, R. 14 ; Bismark, A. 12 ; Brown, A. 15 ; Bruenner, S. 8 ; Bruno, G. 16 ; Budnik, R. 17 ; Capelli, C. 12 ; Cardoso, J. M. R. 18 ; Cichon, D. 19 ; Cimmino, B. 20 ; Clark, M. 13 ; Colijn, A. P. 8 ; Conrad, J. 9 ; Cuenca-García, J. J. 21 ; Cussonneau, J. P. 22 ; D’Andrea, V. 23 ; Decowski, M. P. 8 ; Di Gangi, P. 3 ; Di Pede, S. 8 ; Di Giovanni, A. 11 ; Di Stefano, R. 20 ; Diglio, S. 22 ; Elykov, A. 15 ; Farrell, S. 24 ; Ferella, A. D. 23 ; Fischer, H. 15 ; Fulgione, W. 25 ; Gaemers, P. 8 ; Gaior, R. 4 ; Galloway, M. 12 ; Gao, F. 26 ; Glade-Beucke, R. 15 ; Grandi, L. 10 ; Grigat, J. 15 ; Higuera, A. 24 ; Hils, C. 5 ; Hoetzsch, L. 19 ; Howlett, J. 1 ; Iacovacci, M. 20 ; Itow, Y. 27 ; Jakob, J. 6 ; Joerg, F. 19 ; Joy, A. 9 ; Kato, N. 2 ; Kavrigin, P. 17 ; Kazama, S. 28 ; Kobayashi, M. 27 ; Koltman, G. 17 ; Kopec, A. 29 ; Landsman, H. 17 ; Lang, R. F. 13 ; Levinson, L. 17 ; Li, I. 24 ; Li, S. 13 ; Liang, S. 24 ; Lindemann, S. 15 ; Lindner, M. 19 ; Liu, K. 26 ; Lombardi, F. 5 ; Long, J. 10 ; Lopes, J. A. M. 30 ; Ma, Y. 29 ; Macolino, C. 23 ; Mahlstedt, J. 9 ; Mancuso, A. 3 ; Manenti, L. 11 ; Manfredini, A. 12 ; Marignetti, F. 20 ; Marrodán Undagoitia, T. 19 ; Martens, K. 2 ; Masbou, J. 22 ; Masson, D. 15 ; Masson, E. 4 ; Mastroianni, S. 20 ; Messina, M. 14 ; Miuchi, K. 31 ; Mizukoshi, K. 31 ; Molinario, A. 7 ; Moriyama, S. 2 ; Morå, K. 1 ; Mosbacher, Y. 17 ; Murra, M. 1 ; Müller, J. 15 ; Ni, K. 29 ; Oberlack, U. 5 ; Paetsch, B. 17 ; Palacio, J. 19 ; Peres, R. 12 ; Pienaar, J. 32 ; Pierre, M. 22 ; Pizzella, V. 19 ; Plante, G. 1 ; Qi, J. 29 ; Qin, J. 13 ; Ramírez García, D. 33 ; Reichard, S. 21 ; Rocchetti, A. 15 ; Rupp, N. 19 ; Sanchez, L. 24 ; dos Santos, J. M. F. 18 ; Sartorelli, G. 3 ; Schreiner, J. 19 ; Schulte, D. 6 ; Schulte, P. 6 ; Schulze Eißing, H. 6 ; Schumann, M. 15 ; Scotto Lavina, L. 4 ; Selvi, M. 3 ; Semeria, F. 3 ; Shagin, P. 5 ; Shi, S. 1 ; Shockley, E. 29 ; Silva, M. 18 ; Simgen, H. 19 ; Takeda, A. 2 ; Tan, P. L. 9 ; Terliuk, A. 19 ; Thers, D. 22 ; Toschi, F. 15 ; Trinchero, G. 7 ; Tunnell, C. 24 ; Tönnies, F. 15 ; Valerius, K. 21 ; Volta, G. 12 ; Wei, Y. 29 ; Weinheimer, C. 6 ; Weiss, M. 17 ; Wenz, D. 5 ; Wittweg, C. 12 ; Wolf, T. 19 ; Xu, Z. 1 ; Yamashita, M. 2 ; Yang, L. 29 ; Ye, J. 1 ; Yuan, L. 10 ; Zavattini, G. 34 ; Zhang, Y. 1 ; Zhong, M. 29 ; Zhu, T. 1 

1  Columbia University, Physics Department, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000000419368729) 
2  University of Tokyo, Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, and Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Hida, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X) 
3  University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1758) 
4  LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France (GRID:grid.463935.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 9463 7096) 
5  Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Physik and Exzellenzcluster PRISMA+, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111) 
6  Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany (GRID:grid.5949.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 9288) 
7  University of Torino and INFN-Torino, INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580) 
8  Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000000084992262) 
9  Stockholm University, AlbaNova, Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.10548.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9377) 
10  University of Chicago, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822) 
11  New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.440573.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 5934) 
12  University of Zürich, Physik-Institut, Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650) 
13  Purdue University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Lafayette, USA (GRID:grid.169077.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 2197) 
14  INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
15  Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Freiburg, Germany (GRID:grid.5963.9) 
16  New York University Abu Dhabi-Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.440573.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 5934); SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (GRID:grid.463940.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0475 7658) 
17  Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Rehovot, Israel (GRID:grid.13992.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7563) 
18  University of Coimbra, LIBPhys, Department of Physics, Coimbra, Portugal (GRID:grid.8051.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9511 4342) 
19  Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.419604.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2288 6103) 
20  University of Napoli and INFN-Napoli, Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X) 
21  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, Germany (GRID:grid.7892.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0075 5874) 
22  SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France (GRID:grid.463940.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0475 7658) 
23  INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832); University of L’Aquila, Department of Physics and Chemistry, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.158820.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2611) 
24  Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Houston, USA (GRID:grid.21940.3e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8278) 
25  University of Torino and INFN-Torino, INAF-Astrophysical Observatory of Torino, Department of Physics, Turin, Italy (GRID:grid.7605.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2336 6580); INFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
26  Tsinghua University, Department of Physics and Center for High Energy Physics, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.12527.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 0662 3178) 
27  Nagoya University, Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X) 
28  Nagoya University, Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, and Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X); Nagoya University, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya, Japan (GRID:grid.27476.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 0943 978X) 
29  University of California San Diego, Department of Physics, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242) 
30  University of Coimbra, LIBPhys, Department of Physics, Coimbra, Portugal (GRID:grid.8051.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9511 4342); Coimbra Polytechnic-ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal (GRID:grid.8051.c) 
31  Kobe University, Department of Physics, Kobe, Japan (GRID:grid.31432.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 1092 3077) 
32  Columbia University, Physics Department, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000000419368729); University of Chicago, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822) 
33  University of Zürich, Physik-Institut, Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650); Universität Freiburg, Physikalisches Institut, Freiburg, Germany (GRID:grid.5963.9) 
34  University of Bologna and INFN-Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1758); Università di Ferrara, INFN, Sez. di Ferrara and Dip. di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Ferrara, Italy (GRID:grid.8484.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2064) 
Pages
989
Publication year
2022
Publication date
Nov 2022
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
ISSN
14346044
e-ISSN
14346052
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-10913-w
ProQuest document ID
2731619200
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.