B3Al4+: A Three-Dimensional Molecular Reuleaux Triangle

Abstract

We systematically explore the potential energy surface of the B₃Al₄⁺ combination of atoms. The putative global minimum corresponds to a structure formed by an Al₄ square facing a B₃ triangle. Interestingly, the dynamical behavior can be described as a Reuleaux molecular triangle since it involves the rotation of the B₃ triangle at the top of the Al₄ square. The molecular dynamics simulations, corroborating with the very small rotational barriers of the B₃ triangle, show its nearly free rotation on the Al₄ ring, confirming the fluxional character of the cluster. Moreover, while the chemical bonding analysis suggests that the multicenter interaction between the two fragments determines its fluxionality, the magnetic response analysis reveals this cluster as a true and fully three-dimensional aromatic system.

1. Introduction

In 2010, Wang and coworkers detected an anionic cluster of nineteen boron atoms in the gas phase through a photoelectron spectroscopy experiment [1]. The structure has a planar pentagonal inner B₆ core encircled by a B₁₃ ring (Figure 1a). A couple of years later, Merino and coworkers found that the inner B₆ fragment rotates almost freely with respect to the periphery [2], so they labeled this type of system as a Wankel-type rotor [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Over time, other boron clusters were also reported to exhibit similar behavior, including B₁₃⁺ as the most prominent case [9,10]. In fact, the dynamic behavior of B₁₃⁺ was experimentally verified by Asmis et al. in 2016 using cryogenic ion vibrational spectroscopy [11,12]. The main reason for this fascinating fluxionality is attributed to the multicenter bonds, often found in boron clusters [13]. Moreover, this property is not exclusive to only planar forms; compasses [14,15], drums [16], stirrers, sphere-shaped clusters [17], and other doped boron architectures have similar dynamic behavior [18,19,20,21]. Other related examples are the global minima of B₇M₂ and B₈M₂ (M = Zn, Cd, Hg), which can be described as an M₂ dimer spinning freely on a boron wheel resembling a magnetic stirrer placed on a baseplate [22]. The reader interested in more details on fluxionality in boron clusters is referred to [12].

Inspired by these fluxional boron systems, we analyze the dynamical properties of the global minimum of B₃Al₄⁺ (Figure 1b). This cluster has an Al₄ square facing a B₃ triangle. Although this system was recently reported by Wen et al. [23], they overlooked its fluxional properties. Moreover, upon further exploration of the nature of the bonding and aromaticity, we find that this system has all the characteristics to define it as a true and fully three-dimensional aromatic system.

2. Computational Details

The PES was systematically explored using the Coalescence Kick (CK) program and a modified genetic algorithm implemented in GLOMOS [24,25]. Initial screening in singlet and triplet states was performed for both programs at the PBE0/LAN2DZ level [26,27]. In the range of 30 kcal mol⁻¹ above the putative global minimum, the lowest isomers were minimized and characterized at the PBE0/def2-TZVP level [28]. Final energies were computed at the CCSD(T) [29]/def2-TZVP level, including the zero-point energy correction (ZPE) at the PBE0/def2-TZVP level. Thus, the energy discussion is based on the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVP//PBE0/def2-TZVP results. Natural bond orbital analysis was conducted at the PBE0 level to obtain natural atomic charges (using the NBO6 program [30]) and Wiberg bond indices (WBI) [31]. The Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics [32] (BOMD) were carried out at the PBE0/6-31G(d) level to ascertain the fluxional behavior. The aromatic character was evaluated by computing the magnetic response to a uniform external magnetic field. This is achieved by calculating the magnetically induced current density [33,34,35,36] (J^ind) and the induced magnetic field [37,38,39] (B^ind) using the GIMIC [33,34,35,36] and Aromagnetic [40] programs, respectively. Since magnetic properties computed with the BHandHLYP [41] functional yield results in good agreement with those obtained by CCSD(T) computations [42], J^ind and B^ind were calculated at the BHandHLYP/def2-TZVP level using gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAOs) [43,44]. All these calculations were performed with Gaussian 16 [45]. Furthermore, the adaptive natural density partitioning [46] (AdNDP) analysis was also carried out to understand the nature of the interactions using the Multiwfn program [47].

3. Discussion

The putative global minimum of B₃Al₄⁺ is a singlet with C_s symmetry (1), in which an Al₄ square interacts with a B₃ triangle, forming a polyhedron (see Figure 2). The B-B distances range from 1.60–1.63 Å, creating an isosceles triangle with a B-B bond aligned with an Al-Al bond. On the other hand, the Al₄ ring is a trapezoid or quasi-square, with Al-Al bond distances lying between 2.60–2.77 Å. The distance between the two fragments is 1.73 Å.

The energetically closest isomer is only 5.1 kcal mol⁻¹ above the global minimum and consists of an Al₄ tetrahedron. The third isomer differs from the putative global minimum by exchanging a B atom for an Al atom and is 8.1 kcal/mol higher in energy. Note that all isomers in Figure S1 have a B₃ unit. As shown in Figure S2, the lowest vibrational frequency of 1 is 69 cm⁻¹, which corresponds to the rotation of the B₃ fragment. Following this smooth rotation mode, we identify the transition state (TS) belonging to the C_s point group. The structural variations between the TS and the global minimum are negligible. The rotation barrier is only 0.1 kcal/mol (including the zero-point energy correction), which means that the B₃ ring can undergo almost free rotation on top of the Al₄ ring.

Figure 3 shows the structural evolution of B₃Al₄⁺ with the B₃ triangle rotating clockwise. Starting from the global minimum, fragment B₃ must rotate 15° to reach the maximum of the rotation barrier. A new minimum is achieved by rotating B₃ another 15°, and a complete rotation lap is obtained by repeating this process twelve times. BOMD simulations at 300 K for 25 ps and starting from the global minimum structure show that the B₃ triangle rotates with respect to the Al₄ ring, just like a three-dimensional (3D) molecular Reuleaux triangle. The average distance between the B₃ triangle and the Al₄ quasi-square remains constant (see Movie 1 in the supplementary material).

A chemical bonding analysis is crucial to understanding the dynamical behavior of B₃Al₄⁺. The natural atomic charges and WBIs for 1 and TS are shown in Figure S3. The charge distribution is such that the B₃ fragment has a charge of −2.0 |e| and the Al₄ moiety of 3.0|e|. Instead, the WBI values show that the B-B bonds (WBI around 1.1) have a higher covalent character than the Al-Al bonds (WBI between 0.32 and 0.65), but even more fascinating is that the WBI values for the B-Al bonds are of the same magnitude as the latter (0.49 and 0.62), indicating that there is significant orbital overlap (an electron delocalization) between both fragments. We also employed AdNDP, an extension of the NBO analysis. AdNDP analysis recovers not only Lewis bond elements (lone pairs and 2c-2e bonds) but also multicenter bonds (nc-2e, n ≥ 3). For B₃Al₄⁺, the analysis identifies three 3c-2e σ-bonds with occupation numbers (ON) of 1.99–1.83 |e| and one π-bond (ON = 1.71 |e|) located mainly throughout the B₃ fragment. This electron distribution is like that reported for the aromatic cyclopropenyl cation (C₃H₃⁺). On the other hand, the Al₄ ring has three 4c-2e σ-bonds with ON of 1.99–1.88 |e|. The B₃ triangle and the Al₄ trapezoid interact via three 7c-2e bonds (Figure 4). Thus, the absence of 2c-2e bonds between the two fragments favors free rotation [48]. The bonding pattern for the TS is similar to that of the global minimum, as shown in Figure S4. The orbital compositions of canonical molecular orbitals (CMOs) for 1 and TS are listed in Tables S1 and S2, which support the bonding pattern provided by AdNDP.

As shown in Figure S5, the B₃ ring has six σ- and two π-electrons, i.e., in principle, it satisfies Hückel’s aromaticity rule for both the σ- and π-clouds. Now, while the Al₄ ring has six electrons, which we could classify as σ, the region between the two rings is also connected via six electrons, so both the Al₄ fragment and the area between the rings satisfy the Hückel’s rule. The reality is that the orbital separation is complicated, and all the bonds in B₃Al₄⁺ have a multicentric character, i.e., they are fully delocalized in the small cage.

Aromaticity of B₃Al₄⁺ is confirmed by its magnetic response to an external magnetic field perpendicular to the Al₄ ring. The B^ind analysis reveals strong shielding values (<−50 ppm) of the z-component of B^ind (B^ind_z) along the region between the Al₄ and B₃ rings. This can be explained by the presence of an entirely diatropic current density in this region (Figure 5a). Thus, the interaction of both rings creates a ring current in the region between the two rings instead of being two separate ring currents, implying that B₃Al₄⁺ has true three-dimensional aromaticity (Figure 5b). Integration of J^ind in a plane that intersects the Al-Al and B-B bonds yields a ring–current strength (J^ind) of 33.3 nA/T. Changes in the current density can be obtained by calculating the spatial derivative of the ring–current strength along the vertical z-axis (dJ^ind/dz) [49]. This indicates that there are no paratropic contributions along the z-profile. Additionally, the ring–current profile shows that the strongest current density flux occurs just below the boron triangle, confirming the three-dimensional delocalization along the z-axis (Figure S6 in Supporting Information). Thus, B₃Al₄⁺ is a true 3D aromatic fluxional cluster.

4. Summary

After systematically exploring the potential energy surface of clusters with formula B₃Al₄⁺, we confirm that the putative global minimum corresponds to a structure formed by an Al₄ quasi-square facing a B₃ triangle. Most interestingly, the global minimum of B₃Al₄⁺ exhibits fluxionality. However, its dynamic behavior involves the rotation of the B₃ triangle on the Al₄ ring, embodying a molecular Reuleaux triangle. Corroborated by BOMD, a complete rotation cycle includes twelve repeating steps comprising the global minimum and a transition state separated by only 0.1 kcal/mol, indicating that the rotation between both fragments is virtually free. Furthermore, the AdNDP analysis suggests that the interaction between the B and Al fragments is via three 7c-2e bonds, favoring such dynamical behavior. Regarding aromaticity, the analysis based on the magnetic response reveals a strong shielding along the z-axis due to an entirely diatropic current density flowing between fragments leading to a three-dimensional double (σ + π)-aromaticity. So, we find a peculiar three-dimensional fluxional 3D aromatic cluster that resembles a molecular Reuleaux triangle.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.-C.G. and G.M.; validation, L.-X.B., S.P. and X.Z.; writing, S.P., M.O.-I., D.S., J.-C.G. and G.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Figure 1. (a) The Wankel rotor B19− and (b) Three-dimensional molecular Reuleaux triangle B3Al4+.

Figure 2. PBE0/def2-TZVP structures of the three lowest-lying energy isomers of B3Al4+.

Figure 3. Structural evolution of three-dimensional molecular Reuleaux triangle B3Al4+ during the dynamic rotation.

Figure 4. The adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) bonding pattern for B3Al4+ (GM). ON is the occupation number.

Figure 5. (a) Bindz isolines plotted in the plane of the Al4 framework (left), the B triangle (middle), and in a transverse plane (right) to B3Al4+. (b) Jind vector maps plotted near B3Al4+. The arrows indicate the direction of the current density. The |Jind| scale is in atomic units (1 au = 100.63 nA/T/Å2). The external magnetic field is oriented parallel to the z-axis, perpendicular to the Al4 plane.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27217407/s1, Figure S1: Twenty low-lying isomers of B₃Al₄⁺; Figure S2: Displacement vectors of soft vibrational mode of the global minimum and TS; Figure S3: Computed bond distances, Wiberg bond indices, and natural atomic charges for both the global minimum and TS of B₃Al₄⁺; Figure S4: Bonding pattern, according to AdNDP analysis, in the transition state related to the rotation of the B3 fragment in B₃Al₄⁺; Figure S5: Bonding model for B₃Al₄⁺; Figure S6: The vertical ring-current profile along the z-axis; Tables S1 and S2: Orbital composition analysis for occupied canonical molecular orbitals for both the global minimum and transition state of B₃Al₄⁺; Video S1: Molecular dynamics of B₃Al₄⁺; Cartesian coordinates of both the global minimum and the transition state.

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