Effect of polymerised type I collagen on hyperinflammation of adult outpatients with symptomatic COVID-19

Abstract

Dear Editor, Although dexamethasone is approved for the hyperinflammation treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, non-hospitalised patients do not benefit from this therapy.1 A potential drug for treating COVID-19 patients is polymerised type I collagen (PTIC). A downregulator of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules (ELAM-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1 enzyme and the collagenases expression through the modulation of transcription of factor NF-kB.2–6 The intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of PTIC to patients with active RA (Phase II studies) improved the count of swollen joints and morning stiffness; 57% of patients achieved an ACR score of 50, and 30% had disease remission with this therapeutic combination. PTIC was safe and well-tolerated in long-term treatment, without adverse effects.7–9 A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the PTIC intramuscular administration's safety and efficacy on hyperinflammation, oxygen saturation and symptom improvement in adult symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.21257133v1). TABLE 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the trial population Characteristic All subjects (N = 89) PTCI (N = 45) Placebo (N = 44) p Value Comparability of randomised groups Age (years), mean ± SD Median Range 48.5 ± 14.1 48.0 19.0–78.0 48.4 ± 14.4 47.0 19.0–77.0 48.6 ± 13.9 48.0 22.0–78.0 .9917 18–39 years, n (%) 24 (27.0) 13 (28.9) 11 (25.0) .7585 40–64 years, n (%) 52 (58.4) 25 (55.6) 27 (61.4) 65+ years, n (%) 13 (14.6) 7 (16.3) 6 (13.6) Male sex, n (%) 37 (41.6) 18 (40.0) 19 (44.2) .9008 BMI (kg/m2), mean ±SD Median Range 28.0 ± 4.5 27.9 18.6–40.8 27.8 ± 4.5 27.9 18.6–40.3 28.2 ± 4.5 27.7 20.1–40.8 .7934 Overweight, n (%) 39 (43.8) 21 (46.7) 18 (40.1) .3847 Obesity, n (%) 25 (28.1) 11 (25.0) 14 (32.5) .4758 Baseline Guangzhou Severity Index, mean ± SD Median Range 87.6 ± 25.9 90.1 29.4–137.5 87.9 ± 30.2 92.0 29.4–135.1 87.3 ± 20.8 88.7 35.5–137.5 .4362 Baseline Chest CT Score <20% ≥20% 20–50% >50% 53 (59.6) 20 (22.5) 27 (60.0) 8 (17.8) 5 (11.1) 3 (6.7) 26 (59.1) 12 (27.3) 12 (27.3) 0 (0.0) .3353 Days from symptom onset to onset of treatment (Median, IQR) 7.0 (4.0) 7.0 (4.0) 7.0 (4.0) .7257 Oxygen Saturation pSO2 ≤ 92% (%) 28 (31.5) 13 (28.5) 16 (36.4) .325 pSO2; mean ± SD Median IQR 92 ± 2.5 92.0 –91 to 94 93 ± 2.0 93 –91 to 95 92 ± 2.9 92 –91 to 93 .252 Laboratory variables Complete blood count Leukocyte count (×103/μl), mean ± SD Median Range 5.87 ± 2.08 5.30 2.80–12.50 6.03 ± 2.04 5.60 2.80–12.40 5.70 ± 2.13 5.00 3.00–12.50 .240b Haemoglobin (g/dl), mean ± SD Median Range 15.48 ± 1.72 15.30 10.50–20.10 15.50 ± 1.80 15.40 11.90–20.10 15.45 ± 1.66 15.15 10.50–18.70 .743a Platelets (K/μl), mean ± SD Median Range 273.80 ± 116.16 249 73–910 283.18 ± 130.35 249 148–910 264.20 ± 100.21 250 73–568 .625b Lymphocyte count (%), mean ± SD Median Range 30.13 ± 10.79 30.80 8–57 30.15 ± 10.99 31.40 8.1–57 30.13 ± 10.72 30.45 8–54 0.866a Neutrophil count (%), mean ± SD Median Range 60.05 ± 11.23 58.70 31–82 59.89 ± 11.82 58.70 31–81 60.22 ± 10.73 58.85 39–82 .835a Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), mean ± SD Median Range 2.58 ± 1.91 1.88 0.54–10.25 2.62 ± 2.05 1.81 0.54–9.93 2.53 ± 1.78 1.91 0.72–10.25 .931b Liver function test (LFT) Total bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range 0.62 ± 0.28 0.56 0.18–1.87 0.62 ± 0.24 0.54 0.26–1.34 0.62 ± 0.33 0.57 0.18–1.87 .709b Direct bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range 0.13 ± 0.07 0.11 0.03–0.44 0.13 ± 0.06 0.11 0.04–0.33 0.14 ± 0.08 0.12 0.03–0.44 .372b Indirect bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range 0.49 ± 0.22 0.45 0.15–1.56 0.49 ± 0.19 0.45 0.22–1.11 0.49 ± 0.26 0.46 0.15–1.56 .617b Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST) (U/L), mean ± SD Median Range 31.09 ± 20.82 26 9–158 28.39 ± 15.60 22 11–83 33.87 ± 24.97 27.50 9 –1 58 .150b Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT) (U/L), mean ± SD Median Range 37.42 ± 28.14 29.80 7–129.80 35.64 ±29.90 23 9–129.80 39.24 ± 26.43 31.50 7–120 .176b Albumin (g/dl), mean ± SD Median Range 4.35 ± 0.44 4.34 2.55–5.71 4.40 ± 0.50 4.43 2.55–5.71 4.32 ± 0.38 4.30 3.52–5.45 .189b Fasting glucose (mg/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range 116.75 ± 61.85 98 66–386 119.31 ± 64.32 102 66–386 114.14 ± 59.86 96.50 72–354 .380b Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (U/L) Mean ± SD Median Range 166.70 ± 50.59 155 97–325 165.09 ± 60.76 150 97–325 168.34 ± 38.15 160 99–311 .500b C-reactive protein (high sensitivity) (mg/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range 1.63 ± 2.58 0.73 0.02–16.47 1.32 ± 2.67 0.50 0.05–16.47 1.95 ± 2.49 0.97 0.02–11.49 .650b Ferritin (ng/ml) Mean ± SD Median Range 243.46 ± 285.20 161.70 4–1614.40 235.14 ± 293.70 161.70 4–1614.40 251.96 ± 279.39 161.45 5.60–1277 .599b D-dimer (ng/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range 1106.74 ± 3537.99 456 185–29948 1732.33 ± 4916.88 491 185–29948 466.93 ± 225.22 417 210–1264 .226b Summary of comorbidities None, n (%) 9 (10.1) 6 (13.3) 3 (6.8) .3645 One, n (%) 17 (19.1) 7 (15.5) 10 (22.7) 2 or More, n (%) 63 (70.8) 32 (71.1) 31 (70.5) Clinical Comorbidities History or current tobacco use, n (%) 15 (16.9) 7 (15.5) 8 (18.1) .7762 Overweight, n (%) 39 (43.8) 21 (46.6) 18 (40.1) .3847 Obesity, n (%) 25 (28.1) 11 (24.4) 14 (31.8) .4758 Hypertension, n (%) 18 (20.2) 11 (24.4) 7 (15.9) .2640 Diabetes, n (%) 15 (16.9) 8 (17.7) 7 (15.9) .7393 Dyslipidaemia, n (%) 15 (16.9) 11 (24.4) 4 (9.1) .0418 Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) 43 (48.3) 22 (48.8) 21 (47.7) .7486 Coronary artery disease, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – Congestive heart failure, n (%) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.3) .3201 Chronic respiratory disease (emphysema), n (%) 2 (2.3) 1 (2.3) 1 (2.3) .9869 Asthma, n (%) 4 (4.5) 0 (0.0) 4 (9.1) .0429 Chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis), n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – Chronic kidney disease, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – Cancer, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – Immune deficiency (acquired or innate), n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – Symptoms Dyspnoea, n (%) 33 (37.1) 18 (40) 15 (34.1) .564 Cough, n (%) 67 (75.2) 34 (75.6) 33 (75.0) .952 Chest pain, n (%) 35 (39.3) 19 (42.2) 16 (36.4) .572 Rhinorrhoea, n (%) 39 (43.8) 19 (42.2) 20 (45.5) .759 Headache, n (%) 46 (51.7) 22 (48.9) 24 (54.5) .593 Sore throat, n (%) 41 (46.1) 20 (44.4) 21 (47.7) .756 Malaise, n (%) 54 (60.7) 27 (60.0) 27 (61.4) .895 Arthralgia, n (%) 44 (49.4) 18 (40.0) 26 (59.1) .072 Myalgia, n (%) 48 (53.9) 23 (51.1) 25 (56.8) .589 Brain fog, n (%) 43 (48.3) 25 (55.6) 18 (40.9) .167 Ageusia, n (%) 50 (56.2) 28 (62.2) 22 (50.0) .8041 Anosmia, n (%) 47 (52.8) 27 (60.0) 20 (45.5) .7651 Diarrhoea, n (%) 19 (21.3) 11 (24.4) 8 (18.2) .471 Abdominal pain, n (%) 22 (24.7) 8 (17.8) 14 (31.8) .125 Jaundice, n (%) 4 (4.5) 3 (6.7) 1 (2.3) .317 Vomiting and nausea, n (%) 5 (5.6) 2 (4.4) 3 (6.8) .627 Conjunctivitis, n (%) 20 (22.5) 9 (20.0) 11 (25.0) .572 Cyanosis, n (%) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) – aT-Student; bMann-Whitney BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; PTCI: polymerised type I collagen; pSO2: oxygen saturation; SD: standard deviation.

Dear Editor,

Although dexamethasone is approved for the hyperinflammation treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, non-hospitalised patients do not benefit from this therapy.¹ A potential drug for treating COVID-19 patients is polymerised type I collagen (PTIC). A downregulator of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules (ELAM-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase (Cox)-1 enzyme and the collagenases expression through the modulation of transcription of factor NF-kB.^2–6 The intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of PTIC to patients with active RA (Phase II studies) improved the count of swollen joints and morning stiffness; 57% of patients achieved an ACR score of 50, and 30% had disease remission with this therapeutic combination. PTIC was safe and well-tolerated in long-term treatment, without adverse effects.^7–9

A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the PTIC intramuscular administration's safety and efficacy on hyperinflammation, oxygen saturation and symptom improvement in adult symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients (https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.12.21257133v1).

Eighty-nine participants with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis (mild to moderate disease) were included from August 31 to November 7, 2020, and followed for 12 weeks. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 1.5 ml of PTIC intramuscularly every 12 h for 3 days and then every 24 h for 4 days (n = 45) or a matching placebo (n = 44) (sample size is describe in Methodology S1). Demographics, clinical characteristics, coexisting conditions and symptoms are described in Table 1. Ninety-eight per cent of patients in the PTIC group and 95.5% in the placebo group were analysed by the intention-to-treat principle (Figure S1). Of 89 patients at baseline, 64 (72%) were being treated with acetaminophen, 28 (31.5%) with acetylsalicylic acid, 5 (5.6%) with antivirals and 36 (40.4%) with antibiotics. The use of acetaminophen (71% vs. 73%), acetylsalicylic acid (27% vs. 39%), antivirals (7% vs. 5%) and antibiotics (40% vs. 41%) were similar in the PTIC and placebo groups, respectively. No patients were treated with anticoagulants or steroids.

TABLE 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the trial population

Characteristic	All subjects (N = 89)	PTCI (N = 45)	Placebo (N = 44)	p Value
Comparability of randomised groups
Age (years), mean ± SD Median Range	48.5 ± 14.1 48.0 19.0–78.0	48.4 ± 14.4 47.0 19.0–77.0	48.6 ± 13.9 48.0 22.0–78.0	.9917
18–39 years, n (%)	24 (27.0)	13 (28.9)	11 (25.0)	.7585
40–64 years, n (%)	52 (58.4)	25 (55.6)	27 (61.4)
65+ years, n (%)	13 (14.6)	7 (16.3)	6 (13.6)
Male sex, n (%)	37 (41.6)	18 (40.0)	19 (44.2)	.9008
BMI (kg/m2), mean ±SD Median Range	28.0 ± 4.5 27.9 18.6–40.8	27.8 ± 4.5 27.9 18.6–40.3	28.2 ± 4.5 27.7 20.1–40.8	.7934
Overweight, n (%)	39 (43.8)	21 (46.7)	18 (40.1)	.3847
Obesity, n (%)	25 (28.1)	11 (25.0)	14 (32.5)	.4758
Baseline Guangzhou Severity Index, mean ± SD Median Range	87.6 ± 25.9 90.1 29.4–137.5	87.9 ± 30.2 92.0 29.4–135.1	87.3 ± 20.8 88.7 35.5–137.5	.4362
Baseline Chest CT Score <20% ≥20% 20–50% >50%	53 (59.6) 20 (22.5)	27 (60.0) 8 (17.8) 5 (11.1) 3 (6.7)	26 (59.1) 12 (27.3) 12 (27.3) 0 (0.0)	.3353
Days from symptom onset to onset of treatment (Median, IQR)	7.0 (4.0)	7.0 (4.0)	7.0 (4.0)	.7257
Oxygen Saturation
pSO2 ≤ 92% (%)	28 (31.5)	13 (28.5)	16 (36.4)	.325
pSO2; mean ± SD Median IQR	92 ± 2.5 92.0 –91 to 94	93 ± 2.0 93 –91 to 95	92 ± 2.9 92 –91 to 93	.252
Laboratory variables
Complete blood count
Leukocyte count (×103/μl), mean ± SD Median Range	5.87 ± 2.08 5.30 2.80–12.50	6.03 ± 2.04 5.60 2.80–12.40	5.70 ± 2.13 5.00 3.00–12.50	.240b
Haemoglobin (g/dl), mean ± SD Median Range	15.48 ± 1.72 15.30 10.50–20.10	15.50 ± 1.80 15.40 11.90–20.10	15.45 ± 1.66 15.15 10.50–18.70	.743a
Platelets (K/μl), mean ± SD Median Range	273.80 ± 116.16 249 73–910	283.18 ± 130.35 249 148–910	264.20 ± 100.21 250 73–568	.625b
Lymphocyte count (%), mean ± SD Median Range	30.13 ± 10.79 30.80 8–57	30.15 ± 10.99 31.40 8.1–57	30.13 ± 10.72 30.45 8–54	0.866a
Neutrophil count (%), mean ± SD Median Range	60.05 ± 11.23 58.70 31–82	59.89 ± 11.82 58.70 31–81	60.22 ± 10.73 58.85 39–82	.835a
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), mean ± SD Median Range	2.58 ± 1.91 1.88 0.54–10.25	2.62 ± 2.05 1.81 0.54–9.93	2.53 ± 1.78 1.91 0.72–10.25	.931b
Liver function test (LFT)
Total bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range	0.62 ± 0.28 0.56 0.18–1.87	0.62 ± 0.24 0.54 0.26–1.34	0.62 ± 0.33 0.57 0.18–1.87	.709b
Direct bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range	0.13 ± 0.07 0.11 0.03–0.44	0.13 ± 0.06 0.11 0.04–0.33	0.14 ± 0.08 0.12 0.03–0.44	.372b
Indirect bilirubin (mg/dl), mean ± SD Median Range	0.49 ± 0.22 0.45 0.15–1.56	0.49 ± 0.19 0.45 0.22–1.11	0.49 ± 0.26 0.46 0.15–1.56	.617b
Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST) (U/L), mean ± SD Median Range	31.09 ± 20.82 26 9–158	28.39 ± 15.60 22 11–83	33.87 ± 24.97 27.50 9 –1 58	.150b
Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT) (U/L), mean ± SD Median Range	37.42 ± 28.14 29.80 7–129.80	35.64 ±29.90 23 9–129.80	39.24 ± 26.43 31.50 7–120	.176b
Albumin (g/dl), mean ± SD Median Range	4.35 ± 0.44 4.34 2.55–5.71	4.40 ± 0.50 4.43 2.55–5.71	4.32 ± 0.38 4.30 3.52–5.45	.189b
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range	116.75 ± 61.85 98 66–386	119.31 ± 64.32 102 66–386	114.14 ± 59.86 96.50 72–354	.380b
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (U/L) Mean ± SD Median Range	166.70 ± 50.59 155 97–325	165.09 ± 60.76 150 97–325	168.34 ± 38.15 160 99–311	.500b
C-reactive protein (high sensitivity) (mg/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range	1.63 ± 2.58 0.73 0.02–16.47	1.32 ± 2.67 0.50 0.05–16.47	1.95 ± 2.49 0.97 0.02–11.49	.650b
Ferritin (ng/ml) Mean ± SD Median Range	243.46 ± 285.20 161.70 4–1614.40	235.14 ± 293.70 161.70 4–1614.40	251.96 ± 279.39 161.45 5.60–1277	.599b
D-dimer (ng/dl) Mean ± SD Median Range	1106.74 ± 3537.99 456 185–29948	1732.33 ± 4916.88 491 185–29948	466.93 ± 225.22 417 210–1264	.226b
Summary of comorbidities
None, n (%)	9 (10.1)	6 (13.3)	3 (6.8)	.3645
One, n (%)	17 (19.1)	7 (15.5)	10 (22.7)
2 or More, n (%)	63 (70.8)	32 (71.1)	31 (70.5)
Clinical Comorbidities
History or current tobacco use, n (%)	15 (16.9)	7 (15.5)	8 (18.1)	.7762
Overweight, n (%)	39 (43.8)	21 (46.6)	18 (40.1)	.3847
Obesity, n (%)	25 (28.1)	11 (24.4)	14 (31.8)	.4758
Hypertension, n (%)	18 (20.2)	11 (24.4)	7 (15.9)	.2640
Diabetes, n (%)	15 (16.9)	8 (17.7)	7 (15.9)	.7393
Dyslipidaemia, n (%)	15 (16.9)	11 (24.4)	4 (9.1)	.0418
Hypertriglyceridemia, n (%)	43 (48.3)	22 (48.8)	21 (47.7)	.7486
Coronary artery disease, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Congestive heart failure, n (%)	1 (1.1)	0 (0.0)	1 (2.3)	.3201
Chronic respiratory disease (emphysema), n (%)	2 (2.3)	1 (2.3)	1 (2.3)	.9869
Asthma, n (%)	4 (4.5)	0 (0.0)	4 (9.1)	.0429
Chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis), n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Chronic kidney disease, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Cancer, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Immune deficiency (acquired or innate), n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–
Symptoms
Dyspnoea, n (%)	33 (37.1)	18 (40)	15 (34.1)	.564
Cough, n (%)	67 (75.2)	34 (75.6)	33 (75.0)	.952
Chest pain, n (%)	35 (39.3)	19 (42.2)	16 (36.4)	.572
Rhinorrhoea, n (%)	39 (43.8)	19 (42.2)	20 (45.5)	.759
Headache, n (%)	46 (51.7)	22 (48.9)	24 (54.5)	.593
Sore throat, n (%)	41 (46.1)	20 (44.4)	21 (47.7)	.756
Malaise, n (%)	54 (60.7)	27 (60.0)	27 (61.4)	.895
Arthralgia, n (%)	44 (49.4)	18 (40.0)	26 (59.1)	.072
Myalgia, n (%)	48 (53.9)	23 (51.1)	25 (56.8)	.589
Brain fog, n (%)	43 (48.3)	25 (55.6)	18 (40.9)	.167
Ageusia, n (%)	50 (56.2)	28 (62.2)	22 (50.0)	.8041
Anosmia, n (%)	47 (52.8)	27 (60.0)	20 (45.5)	.7651
Diarrhoea, n (%)	19 (21.3)	11 (24.4)	8 (18.2)	.471
Abdominal pain, n (%)	22 (24.7)	8 (17.8)	14 (31.8)	.125
Jaundice, n (%)	4 (4.5)	3 (6.7)	1 (2.3)	.317
Vomiting and nausea, n (%)	5 (5.6)	2 (4.4)	3 (6.8)	.627
Conjunctivitis, n (%)	20 (22.5)	9 (20.0)	11 (25.0)	.572
Cyanosis, n (%)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–

^aT-Student; ^bMann-Whitney

BMI: body mass index; IQR: interquartile range; PTCI: polymerised type I collagen; pSO₂: oxygen saturation; SD: standard deviation.

On day 1 after the last PTIC or placebo administration, the IP-10 levels decreased 75% in the PTIC group (p < .001) and 40% in the placebo group (p = .015) vs. baseline; this reduction was greater in the former group than in the latter (p = .0047; Figure 1A and F). The IL-8 (44%, p = .045), M-CSF (25%, p = .041) and IL-1Ra (36%, p = .05) levels were also decreased in PTIC group vs. baseline (Figure 1B–F). TRAIL levels were decreased in the placebo group (14%, p = .002) vs. baseline (Figures 1E and S2).

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On days 1, 8 and 90 after the last PTIC or placebo administration, the patient percentage with oxygen saturation readings ≥92% in the PTIC and placebo groups were 90% vs. 67% (p = .007; mean oxygen saturation: 94 ± 2.4 vs. 93 ± 3.3, p = .085), 98% vs. 80% (p = .009; mean oxygen saturation; 95 ± 1.7 vs. 93 ± 2.2, p = .003) and 100% vs. 89% (p = .033; mean oxygen saturation: 95 ± 2.1 vs. 95 ± 2.3, p = .429), respectively (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Study endpoints

Characteristic	1 day post-treatment with			8 days post-treatment with			90 days post-treatment with
	PTIC (N = 44)	Placebo (N = 43)	p Value	PTIC (N = 42)	Placebo (N = 39)	p Value	PTIC (N = 40)	Placebo (N = 37)	p Value
SpO2 ≥ 92%, n (%)	40 (90.1)	29 (67.4)	.007	41 (97.6)	31 (79.5)	.009	40 (100)	33 (89.2)	.033
pSO2; mean ± SD Median IQR	94 ± 2.4 94 92–95	93 ± 3.3 93 91–95	.085	95 ± 1.7 95 93–96	93 ± 2.2 93 92–95	.003	95 ± 2.1 95 93–97	95 ± 2.3 95 93–97	.429
O2 supplementation, n (%)	2 (4.5)	4 (9.3)	.381	1 (2.3)	1 (2.6)	.958	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Inpatient admissions	0 (0.0)	3 (7.0)	.075	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-
Symptoms
Dyspnoea, n (%) Δ (%)	6 (13.6) –66.6	10 (25.6) –33.3	.166	3 (7.1) –83.3	9 (23.1) –40	.044	6 (15) –66.6	6 (16.2) –60	.883
Cough, n (%) Δ (%)	17 (38.6) –50	22 (56.4) –33.3	.105	11 (26.2) –67.6	21 (53.8) –36.3	.011	4 (10) –88.2	6 (16.2) –81.8	.418
Chest pain, n (%) Δ (%)	8 (18.2) –57.8	9 (23.1) –43.7	.581	5 (11.9) –73.6	6 (15.4) –62.5	.648	7 (17.5) –63.1	1 (2.7) –93.7	.033
Rhinorrhoea, n (%) Δ (%)	9 (20.5) –52.6	9 (41) –55.0	.772	6 (14.3) –68.4	6 (15.4) 0.0	.889	5 (12.5) –73.6	3 (8.1) –85.0	.528
Headache, n (%) Δ (%)	12 (27.3) –45.4	16 (41) –33.3	.186	9 (21.4) –59.0	15 (38.5) –37.5	.093	10 (25) –54.5	14 (37.8) –41.6	.224
Sore throat, n (%) Δ (%)	9 (30.5) –55.0	10 (25.6) –52.3	.575	5 (11.9) –75.0	6 (15.4) –71.4	.648	6 (15) –70.0	7 (18.9) –66.6	.646
Malaise, n (%) Δ (%)	16 (36.4) –40.7	18 (46.2) –33.3	.365	12 (28.6) –55.5	11 (28.2) –59.2	.971	11 (27.5) –59.2	8 (21.6) –70.3	.374
Arthralgia, n (%) Δ (%)	8 (18.2) –55.5	8 (20.5) –69.2	.788	6 (14.3) –66.6	6 (15.4) –76.9	.889	7 (17.5) –61.1	8 (21.6) –69.2	.648
Myalgia, n (%) Δ (%)	12 (27.3) –47.8	11 (28.2) –56.0	.925	5 (11.9) –78.2	6 (15.4) –76.0	.648	7 (17.5) –69.5	3 (8.1) –88.0	.221
Brain fog, n (%) Δ (%)	7 (15.9) –72.0	12 (30.8) –33.3	.108	6 (14.3) –76.0	7 (17.9) –61.1	.654	9 (22.5) –64.0	10 (27) –44.4	.645
Ageusia, n (%) Δ (%)	18 (40.9) –37.9	13 (33.3) –31.5	.476	11 (26.2) –62.0	8 (20.5) –57.8	.547	5 (12.5) –82.7	4 (10.8) –78.9	.818
Anosmia, n (%) Δ (%)	23 (52.3) 23.33	13 (33.3) 35.0	.082	16 (38.1) 46.6	9 (23.1) 55	.144	6 (15) 80.0	2 (5.4) 90.0	.168
Diarrhoea, n (%) Δ (%)	4 (9.1) –63.63	6 (15.4) –25	.379	3 (7.1) –72.7	2 (5.1) –75	.707	1 (2.5) –90.9	0 (0.0) –100.0	.333
Abdominal pain, n (%) Δ (%)	5 (11.4) –37.5	6 (15.4) –57.1	.590	0 (0.0) –100.0	3 (7.7) –78.5	.067	1 (2.5) –87.5	3 (8.1) –78.5	.268
Jaundice, n (%) Δ (%)	0 (0.0) –100.0	2 (5.1) 100.0	.128	0 (0.0) –100.0	0 (0.0) –100.0	-	0 (0.0) –100	1 (2.7) 0.0	.295
Vomiting and nausea, n (%) Δ (%)	0 (0.0) –100.0	0 (0.0) –100.0		1 (2.4) –50	0 (0.0) –100.0	.332	0 (0.0) –100.0	0 (0.0) –100.0	-
Conjunctivitis, n (%) Δ (%)	1 (2.3) –88.88	1 (2.6) –90.9	.931	1 (2.4) –88.8	1 (2.6) –90.9	.958	2 (5.0) –77.7	1 (2.7) –90.9	.603
Cyanosis, n (%) Δ (%)	0 (0.0) 0.0	1 (2.6) 100.0	.285	0 (0.0) 0.0	0 (0.0) 0.0	-	0 (0.0) 0.0	0 (0.0) 0.0	-

Δ: Delta calculated by taking: [(baseline data – day 1, 8 or 97 of follow-up)/baseline data from table 1]×100. p value: PTCI vs. placebo.

IQR: interquartile range; PTCI: polymerised type I collagen; pSO₂: oxygen saturation; SD: standard deviation.

The Kaplan–Meier survival curve for oxygen saturations ≥92% while breathing ambient air was statistically different between groups (log-rank p = .0109; Figure 2A). Since there were no significant differences between groups at baseline, we did not make any adjustments. The Cox regression model indicated that the hazard for meeting an oxygen saturation lower than 92% was significantly lower in the PTIC than in the placebo group (HR 0.25, Wald p value = .0384). When stratifying by age, no changes occurred. Based on the accelerated time failure model, subjects of the PTIC group reached oxygen saturations 92% or greater 2.7-fold faster than the placebo group at 3 and 8 days (p < .001 in both cases). In terms of risk, this implied that the PTIC group had a 63% lower risk for mean oxygen saturations readings below 92% (p < .001; Figure 2B).

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Symptom improvement was reported daily by every patient and compared with baseline. Symptom duration in the PTIC group was reduced by 6.1 ± 3.2 days vs. placebo (Figure S3 and Table 2).

At day 1 post-treatment, 6/87 patients (7%) received supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula: 2/44 (4.5%) of the PTIC group (one patient received 2 L/min and another one received 3 L/min) and 4/43 (9.3%) of the placebo group (4–10 L/min). At day 8 post-treatment, 2 of 81 patients (2.5%) received supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula: 1/42 (2.3%) of the PTIC group (one patient received 2 L/min) and 1/39 (2.6) of the placebo group (4 L/min). At day 90 post-treatment, none of the patients required supplemental oxygen (Table 2).

At 1 day post-treatment, 3/43 subjects (7%) of the placebo group were hospitalised for 5–21 days (Table 2). All patients were discharged alive, and no deaths occurred.

On days 1 and 8 post-treatment with PTIC, serum levels of LDH and high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) decreased (52% and 73%, respectively) vs. baseline levels (p = .002 and p < .001). In the placebo group, hsCRP levels were 3% and 67% lower at 1 and 8 days compared with baseline levels (Figure S4 and Table S3).

At days 1 and 8 post-treatment, D-dimer levels in PTIC subjects decreased (55% and 61%, respectively); in the placebo group, D-dimer increased 42% and 32%, respectively Figure S4 and Table S3). No differences were detected in the other laboratory variables compared to the baseline.

No serious adverse events were detected (Table S1 and S2). PTIC was safe and well-tolerated.

In summary, it has been demonstrated that intramuscular PTIC treatment of symptomatic COVID-19 outpatients was useful for decreasing IP-10, IL-8 and M-CSF, all of them biomarkers of severe disease,¹⁰ during the first week of treatment. It was associated with better oxygen saturation values when compared to placebo. Also, PTIC shortened symptom duration. On days 1 and 8 post-treatment with PTIC, a higher mean oxygen saturation value and a higher proportion of patients retaining oxygen saturation values ≥92% were observed. This could be related to decreased dyspnoea, chest pain and cough. Regarding systemic inflammation, treatment with PTIC, statistically significant lower levels of hsCRP, D-dimer and LDH, all of them identified as important biomarkers for the activity and severity of the disease, were observed. The benefit was evident in the early stage of the infection (7 days after symptom onset). PTIC was safe and well-tolerated. It did not induce liver damage, impairment of haematopoiesis or alterations in blood count. We think that treating outpatients with PTIC could potentially avoid visits to the Emergency Department and hospitalisations. As judged by symptom improvement, it could aid in preventing sequelae, such as persistent dyspnoea.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Polymerised type I collagen was donated by Aspid SA de CV. We thank Dr. Alicia Frenk-Mora, Dr. Judith González-Sánchez and Ivonne Aidé Lomelí Almanza for their valuable assistance with the organisation of patient appointments. We thank all patients involved in the study. We also thank the Triage and Emergency Departments.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

ROLE OF THE FOUNDING SOURCE

The funder of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

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