1. Introduction
The growth and development of plants are inseparable from various protein network systems, and transcription factors are one of these proteins. Transcription factors can control chromatin and transcription by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences to form complex systems that guide the gene expression and play unique roles in plant developmental stages [1]. BES1 (BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1) is a plant-specific transcription factor identified via a mutant bes1-D; this mutant completely inhibits the bri1 dwarf phenotype and exhibits a constitutive BR (brassinosteroid, steroidal phytohormone) response [2]. The BES1 protein family has conserved protein structures: a putative nuclear localization sequence, a highly conserved amino-terminal domain, a phosphorylation site for GSK-like kinase BIN2 (brassinosteroid insensitive 2), and a carboxyl-terminal domain [3]. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the BES1 protein mediate BR signal transduction [4,5].
BRs are plant-specific polyhydroxylated steroid hormones, which are classified as primary growth-promoting hormones, regulating multiple processes of plant growth including seed germination, cell elongation and division, photomorphogenesis, vascular differentiation, stomatal formation, leaf vein formation, reproductive development, and cell senescence [6,7,8,9,10,11]. BRs can protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stress, including insect and pathogen attacks, low and high temperatures, drought, and salinity stresses [12,13,14,15]. When BR is absent in cells, BES1 is phosphorylated by BIN2 and remains in the cytoplasm without entering the nucleus, so its DNA-binding activity is inhibited [16,17,18,19,20,21]. When BR is at a high level, it is sensed by the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 (brassinosteroid insensitive 1), and then transmits the signals to the BES1/BZR1 transcription factor [22]. BES1 is dephosphorylated by PP2A, accumulated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, and bound to the promoter’s E-BOX (CANNTG) to induce gene expression [23]. BZR1 is a transcriptional repressor that binds to BRRE (CGTGYG) of the promoter to inhibit the transcription of BR synthesis genes. BES1/BZR1 regulates thousands of target genes by binding to E-BOX or BRRE in plants [23,24,25,26,27].
Previous studies have shown that BES1s not only act as transcription factors for direct regulation, but also interact with other proteins to regulate target genes. BES1 can inhibit the expression of ABI3 and significantly downregulate the expression of downstream ABI5, inhibit ABA signal output, and promote seed germination [28,29,30]. BES1 interacts with G-protein β subunit AGB1 or auxin response element ARF6 and inhibits the expression of GA2ox to regulate cell elongation [31,32,33,34]. BES1 may bind to the promoter of ethylene synthesis gene ACSs to promote cell division in the root meristem and cell elongation in the mature zone [35]. UVR8 (UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8) suppresses the DNA-binding activity of BES1 by binding to BES1. The complex of UVR8 and BES1 accumulates in the nucleus and ultimately controls plant photomorphogenesis [36]. Deubiquitination of BES1 by UBP12/UBP13 promotes BR signaling and plant growth [37]. In addition, the BES1 gene family participates in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses, for example, using the mutant bes1-D with a higher susceptibility to necrotic fungi to confirm that BES1 is involved in pathogen defense against pathogens [38], promoting thermomorphogenesis by interacting with RD26 to inhibit its expression [39], and interacting with WRKY46/54/70 or binding to the promoter of PIF4 to inhibit drought response [40,41].
In addition to Arabidopsis thaliana, there have been numerous studies on the BES1 gene family in other species. In maize, ZmBES1/BZR1 positively regulates kernel size, and the seed size and weight increase significantly in plants overexpressed by ZmBES1/BZR1-5 [42]. In rice, OsBZR1 protein interacts with 14-3-3 protein to affect BR signal transduction [43]. OsBZR1 can also regulate plant structure by binding to the promoter of OsMIR396d and activating its transcription [44], and OsBZR1 can directly bind to the BRRE motif located in the AMT1 promoter region to modulate the ammonium transporters [45]. In soybean, GmBEHL1 (AtBES1/BZR1 homolog 1) regulates the number of nodules [46]. In tomato, SlBZR1D upregulates the expression of various stress-related genes and positively regulates salt tolerance [47]. In apple, there are 22 members of the BES1 gene family [48], and BES1 induces the expression of MYB88 under pathogen attack. The overexpression of MdBES1 in plants leads to the downregulation of MdMYB88 expression and, consequently, reduces the plant resistance to pathogens [49].
To date, BES1 gene family has been functionally explored and characterized in many plant species. However, little analysis has been performed on how these genes respond to stress conditions in Cucurbita moschata, as a member of the Cucurbitaceae, which has good economic benefits and nutritional value. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the BES1s in C. moschata.
2. Results
2.1. Identification of BES1 Gene Family Members in Cucurbitaceae
In this study, the following six Cucurbitaceae species were chosen for the analysis: cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), silver-seed gourd (Cucurbita argyrosperma), and winter squash (Cucurbita moschata). TBtools software (v1.108) was used to compare and analyze the AtBES1 proteins with the BES1 proteins in above six Cucurbitaceae species. A total of 50 BES1 proteins were identified in Cucurbitaceae. Table S1 shows the individual names of the corresponding BES1 genes, chromosome location, gene length, and coding sequence length. The length of proteins was distributed in two ranges, from 235 to 403 amino acids and from 668 to 800 amino acids, and their molecular weights (Mw) ranged from 24.57 to 45 kDa and from 72 to 89.74 kDa. The isoelectric point (pI) values of proteins ranged from 5.51 to 9.98. Notably, all identified BES1 proteins have GRAVY (Grand Average of Hydrophilicity) values less than 0, which means these proteins are hydrophilic. All BES1 proteins were predicted to be located in the nucleus.
2.2. Evolutionary Analysis of BES1 Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae
To better explore the evolutionary relationship of BES1 proteins, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA11 (ClustalW, NJ methods) for a total of 58 BES1 members as study objects, of which 8 BES1 proteins belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana and 50 BES1 proteins in above six species belonged to Cucurbitaceae. As shown in Figure 1, these proteins were divided into three distinct groups based on their gene structures: Group I consisted of 18 BES1 members, Group II consisted of 20 BES1 members, and Group III consisted of 20 BES1 members. The close evolutionary relationship could be found between silver-seed gourd with winter squash, cucumber with melon, and bottle gourd with watermelon.
2.3. BES1s Members in Cucurbitaceae Showed Variations in Chromosomal Localization
The localization of 58 BES1 genes on the chromosomes in Cucurbitaceae was mapped using TBtools software. As shown in Figure 2, the BES1s of silver-seed gourd and winter squash were localized on 10 chromosomes, of which there were 2 BES1s on each of chromosomes 04, 16, and 18 (Figure 2A,B). The BES1s of watermelon, bottle gourd, and melon were localized on five chromosomes, of which there were two BES1s on chromosome 07 (Figure 2C,D,F). The BES1s of cucumber were localized on four chromosomes, of which there were two BES1s on chromosome 04 (Figure 2E). The localization of BES1s of silver-seed gourd and winter squash were almost identical on the same chromosome and had similar protein structures but differed significantly from other species. This suggests that the kinship distance between different Cucurbitaceae species has a significant influence on the localization of BES1 genes.
As mentioned in a previous study [50], the entire chromosomes of C. moschata (allotetraploid, 2n = 40) were divided into two groups to represent two paleo-subgenomes, with 8 (chromosome 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 18) and 11 (chromosome 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, and 20) chromosomes assigned to subgenomes A and B, respectively, and chromosome 4 was divided into three segments with two assigned to subgenome A and one to subgenome B. Combined with Figure 2B in this study, it could be speculated that seven (CmoBES1-3, -11, -1, -6, -9, -7, and -12) and six (CmoBES1-4, -2, -5, -8, -13, and -10) genes might be part of subgenomes A and B, respectively.
2.4. Analysis of Structures, Conserved Motifs, and Cis-Acting Elements
The structural characteristics of BES1s, consisting of CDS (coding DNA sequences), UTRs (untranslated regions), and introns, were mapped using TBtools software. As shown in Figure 3A, the family members contained at least 2 exons and up to 14 exons, with at least 1 intron and up to 13 introns. The conserved motifs of all BES1 amino acids in the above six species were analyzed using the MEME website. It was found that the number of motifs in Group III was significantly higher than that in Groups I and II (Figure 3B). Notably, all BES1 families had motifs 1 and 5, in which Groups I and II had only these two motifs, while Group III had five or six motifs. These findings suggest that motifs 1 and 5 were highly conserved and might play the important role in the BES1 gene family. Moreover, as shown in the phylogenetic tree, BES1 proteins exhibited similar motif composition with close evolutionary relationships.
The prediction of cis-acting elements may provide directions for studying the role of genes in plant growth and response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. We explored the cis-acting elements of CDS upstream 2 Kbp sequence of the BES1 genes through the PlantCARE website and found that the BES1 gene family contained many cis-acting elements that were responsive to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. In this study, nine relevant cis-acting elements were analyzed, including abscisic acid (ABA), MeJA, salicylic acid, auxin, gibberellin, low-temperature, drought, wound, and defense and stress-response elements. As shown in Figure 4, there were significant differences in the types and numbers of response elements among the six species, with the fewest in watermelon and most in silver-seed gourd and winter squash. A total of 263 ABA response elements were the most abundant, followed by 108 MeJA response elements and other cis-acting elements involved in stress and hormone responses. This result suggests that the BES1 family might also participate in plant growth and stress responses.
2.5. Expression Analysis of CmoBES1 Family in C. moschata
To reveal the function of the CmoBES1 gene family in different tissues of C. moschata, the expression levels of CmoBES1 transcripts in roots, stems, and leaves were inferred by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). As shown in Figure 5A, CmoBES1-3 had the highest levels in all tissues, whereas CmoBES1-9 and CmoBES1-13 had almost no levels in all tissues. Notably, three genes (CmoBES1-2, -4, and -8) were expressed at higher levels in leaves than in other tissues; five genes (CmoBES1-6, -7, -10, -11, and -12) showed relatively high expression levels in stems, which might promote stem elongation; and three genes (CmoBES1-1, -3, and -11) were relatively high in roots, which might promote root development.
The BES1 gene family is involved in many stress-response processes; therefore, in this study, the expression levels of CmoBES1 genes under three stresses (salt, drought, and cold) were investigated. As shown in Figure 5B, almost all the CmoBES1 genes were significantly upregulated under salt and drought stress. Salt stress induced the expression of 12 CmoBES1 genes at an extent from 1.21- to 2.13-fold, except for CmoBES1-12, which was not affected. Drought treatment significantly increased the transcript levels of 11 ComBES1 genes except CmoBES1-2 and CmoBES1-5. Cold stress induced the expression of CmoBES1-4, -7, and -9 by 1.21-, 1.93-, and 1.79-fold, respectively, and reduced the expression of CmoBES1-2, -5, -6, -8, -11, and -12 to 24.39%, 80.11%, 77.84%, 70.24%, 73.75%, and 24.88%, respectively. These results suggested that most of CmoBES1s positively responded to coordinate growth and defense.
The BES1 gene family plays an important role in hormone pathways, so we examined the expression levels of CmoBES1s under six different hormones. As shown in Figure 5C, IAA induced the expression of nine genes (CmoBES1-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, and -11) with distributions increased by 1.21-, 1.29-, 1.96-, 1.68-, 1.44-, 1.37-, 1.62-, 1.73-, and 1.31-fold, respectively, except CmoBES1-10 reduced to 57%. ABA and BR regulated CmoBES1 genes expression with no rules. ABA induced the expression of CmoBES1-2, -3, -7, -10, -11, and -12 by 1.24-, 1.92-, 1.71-, 1.91-, 1.93-, and 1.73-fold, and reduced the expression of CmoBES1-1, -5, -8, and -13 to 59.23%, 55.98%, 69.78%, and 70.75%, respectively. BR induced the expression of CmoBES1-6, -8, -11, -12, and -13 by 2.28-, 1.59-, 1.66-, 1.44-, and 2.67-fold, and the expression levels of CmoBES1-3, -4, -5, and -7 were inhibited by feedback to 33.44%, 64.75%, 70.24%, and 89.75%, respectively. There were differences in the regulation of CmoBES1s by JA, GA, and SA under JA treatment. The expression levels of nine genes (CmoBES1-4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -10, -11, -12, and -13) were upregulated by 1.39, 1.73-, 2.40-, 2.21-, 1.97-, 3.04-, 3.40-, 1.96-, and 4.46-fold, respectively, while CmoBES1-2 was downregulated to 76%, and other three genes (CmoBES1-1, -3, and -9) showed no significant change. For GA treatment, the expression of CmoBES1-2, -4, -5, and -7 were upregulated by 2.70-, 1.25-, 1.66-, and 1.38-fold, respectively, and the expression level of CmoBES1-10 were inhibited by feedback to 64.65%. For SA treatment, the expression levels of 10 genes (CmoBES1-1, -2, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -12, and -13) were inhibited by feedback to 27.84%, 59.71%, 77.40%, 59.33%, 36.27%, 80.55%, 41.57%, 43.13%, 19.99%, and 35.97%, respectively. All these results suggest that BES1 gene family might regulate plant growth by responding to different hormones.
2.6. Subcellular Localization of ComBES1 Family
As shown in Figure 6, fluorescent signals of CmoBES1 proteins were observed in different subcellular locations of Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells.
Fluorescence signals of CmoBES1-1, -2, -5, -6, and -8 were detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm, suggesting they might have the function as transcription factors (Figure 6A). Fluorescence signals of CmoBES1-3, -4, -9, -10, and -11 were detected in the nucleus, and CmoBES1-10 and CmoBES1-11 also had faint signal in the cytoplasm (Figure 6B). CmoBES1-7, -12, and -13 proteins were mainly localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, as well as possibly to some complex organelles, such as vesicle-like structural organelles and chloroplasts (Figure 6C). We further validated the results in maize protoplasts using the same transformation method (Figure S1), with the difference that the localization of CmoBES1-7, -12, and -13 on other organelles was not obvious.
After eBL and salt treatments, the fluorescence signals of CmoBES1-1, -2, -7, and -8 changed (Figure 7). The signals of CmoBES1-1 and CmoBES1-2 increased, while the signals of CmoBES1-7 and CmoBES1-8 increased only under BR treatment. Interestingly, under salt treatment, the fluorescence of CmoBES1-7 in the nucleus and cytoplasm was reduced, while the fluorescence of CmoBES1-13 increased. It was difficult to judge whether the fluorescence of other CmoBES1 proteins changed (Figure S2). Therefore, it could be seen that some CmoBES1 proteins responded to the BR signaling pathway and some responded to salt stress, suggesting that different BES1 proteins might play unique roles involving different or identical signaling pathways.
2.7. Transactivation Assay
To identify the transcriptionally active proteins in the CmoBES1 proteins, the transcriptional activity experiment was performed using yeast cell that harboring pGBKT7 vector as a negative control. As shown in Figure 8, CmoBES1-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -12, and -13 yeast cells grew well on the SD/-Trp-His medium and showed β-galactosidase activities. CmoBES1-5 yeast cells grew at a low rate as they had lower transcriptional activity, while CmoBES1-6, -9, -10, and -11 yeast cells could not grow properly on the SD/-Trp-His medium, which means they had no transcriptional activity in yeast cells. This might be due to the presence of transcriptional repression domains in the full-length transcription factor.
3. Discussion
Transcription factors can control chromatin and transcription by recognizing specific nucleotide sequences and guide genome expression in complex systems, playing vital roles in plant growth and resistance [1]. The BES1 transcription factors family activate or inhibit thousands of genes through their specific sequences, integrating multiple signals to regulate plant development and environmental adaptations [7]. In our study, 13, 13, 6, 6, 6, and 6 BES1 protein sequences were identified in silver-seed gourd, winter squash, cucumber, melon, bottle gourd, and watermelon, respectively (Table S1). The Mw of all BES1 proteins in Cucurbitaceae showed two ranges: from 24.57 to 45 kDa and from 72 to 89.74 kDa. It is worth noting that all identified BES1 proteins may play a conserved role as hydrophilic proteins. These proteins were divided into three group according to gene structures and as reported in Arabidopsis thaliana [51]. Notably, all BES1 family members had motifs 1 and 5, Groups I and II had only these 2 motifs, Group III had more motifs, and closely related BES1 members in the phylogenetic tree had common motifs. These findings suggested that motif 1 and motif 5 were highly conserved and might play an important role in the BES1 gene family. Moreover, the functions of BES1 proteins in the same group are similar. We also identified and analyzed 13 ComBES1 proteins’ characteristics that shared the same conserved domains and were quite similar to other species [4]. The location and number of motifs in the same branch were similar. Silver-seed gourd had a close evolutionary relationship with C. moschata, which was consistent with the analysis of the phylogenetic tree.
Promoters contain important cis-acting elements for gene initiation and transcription regulation [52]. The BES1 gene family is essential in many stress responses [10,39,40,41]. The prediction of cis-acting elements can provide directions for investigating the response effects of BES1 genes to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, many cis-acting elements of BES1s were predicted in Cucurbitaceae (Figure 3), with the largest number of ABA-responsive elements, followed by MeJA-responsive elements, indicating that the expression of BES1s was mainly regulated by ABA and JA, and other different cis-acting elements were also involved. The expression levels of BES1s in C. moschata under four abiotic stresses and six hormones were investigated. Most CmoBES1 genes were significantly regulated under salt, drought, and cold stresses (Figure 5), indicating that CmoBES1 genes family exhibited expression variations in response stress treatments. Under the treatments of IAA, ABA, JA, GA, and SA, the expression of 9, 6, 9, 4, and 0 genes in the CmoBES1 gene family were significantly up regulated, respectively, and 1, 4, 1, 1, and 10 genes were significantly feedback inhibited, respectively. Within these genes, different CmoBES1 genes differently responded to stresses, which might be related to the cis-acting elements contained in the upstream promoter. Combined with the prediction of cis-acting elements, we analyzed the expression of the CmoBES1 gene family under stresses and found that CmoBES1-12 was not induced by salt treatment, CmoBES1-2 and CmoBES1-5 were not induced by drought treatment, and CmoBES1-10 and -13 did not change significantly under cold treatment, which was consistent with the absence of corresponding cis-acting elements on their gene promoters. Under the treatment of ABA, IAA, JA, and SA, three different BES1 genes were no significant, and no or rarely cis-acting elements were found on the corresponding promoter. The case of GA treatment was similar, in which the promoter region of CmoBES1 genes without significant changes did not contain or only fewer GA response sites. In addition, a large number of previous studies have demonstrated that BES1 transcription factors regulate root development, cell division, plant architecture, and plant photomorphogenesis [31,35,53]. Our research also showed that CmoBES1 exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues (Figure 5A); notably, some CmoBES1 genes showed specific expression levels in roots, stems, and leaves, illustrating that different BES1 genes played specific functions in promoting root development, stem elongation, and leaf growth and indicating that plant growth requires different genes to interact and coordinate. These results indicate that the CmoBES1 family may regulate plant growth by responding to different hormones.
Furthermore, the subcellular localization of the CmoBES1 proteins showed that 10 proteins were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus (Figure 6), which was different from the predicted protein localization (Table S1). We thought that the reason might be that the protein sequences was regulated by a variety of factors to exert their functions at specific locations in vivo. BRs play important roles in plant growth processes [4,6,35,37]. The BES1 gene family can interact with other proteins or bind directly to nucleic acids to regulate target genes and plays an important role in the BR signaling pathway [15,27]. In our study, we demonstrated that CmoBES1 transcriptional expression was regulated by BRs, which induced the upregulation of five CmoBES1 genes and feedback inhibition of four CmoBES1 genes’ expression levels (Figure 6C). Moreover, we found that eight CmoBES1 proteins were mainly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm (Figure 6) and had strong transcriptional activity (Figure 8), suggesting that they might function as transcription factors. Finally, combined with subcellular localization experiments, four CmoBES1 proteins were found to respond to BR (Figure 7), indicating that these four CmoBES1 might be the major transcription factors involved in the BR signaling pathway in CmoBES1 gene family, and might be downstream components of the BR signaling pathway. Our analysis of BES1s diversity, localization, and expression in Curcubitaceae contributes to the better understanding of the essential roles of these transcription factors in plants.
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Identification of BES1s Gene Family Members in Cucurbitaceae
We downloaded the protein sequence database of cucumber (Cucumis sativus, diploid, 2n = 14), melon (Cucumis melo, diploid, 2n = 24), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, diploid, 2n = 22), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus, diploid, 2n = 22), silver-seed gourd (Cucurbita argyrosperma, diploid, 2n = 20), and winter squash (Cucurbita moschata, allotetraploid, 2n = 40) from the Cucurbitaceae genome database (
4.2. Physicochemical Properties and Chromosomal Localization Analysis
The length and CDS sequence of the BES1 genes and the location of this gene on chromosome were available from the Cucurbitaceae website and visualized using TBtools software. The ExPASy website (
4.3. Evolutionary Analysis
Using the Program ClustalW in the software MEGA7 (v11.0.10), all protein sequences of Cucurbitaceae BES1 were compared with AtBES1 proteins, and the phylogenetic tree of the Cucurbitaceae BES1 family was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method and the self-help method of phylogenetic experiments (Bootstrap method, Bootstrap = 1000, and the p-distance model). The tree was visualized and optimized through the ChiPlot (
4.4. Gene Structure, Conserved Motifs and Cis-Acting Regulating Element Prediction
To investigate the genetic structure of BES1, gff3 files of six species were downloaded from the Cucurbitaceae database, and the conserved motifs of BES1 amino acids were analyzed and identified using the MEME website (
4.5. Plant Materials, Abiotic Stress Treatment and Expression Data
In this experiment, the “TianMiyihao” was used as the experimental material, seedlings were planted in plastic tubes with Hoagland’s nutrient solution in a greenhouse (28 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark, 70–80% humidity), and the outside of all tubes was wrapped with tin foil. When the plants were in the three-leaf stage, we collected C. moschata roots, stems, and leaves to analyze the tissue expression patterns. Each sample was taken from three different plants, and three biological replicates were performed. Meanwhile, the three-leaf plants were treated with the following conditions: 20% PEG6000 (20 g PEG6000, use the Hoagland’s nutrient solution up to 100 mL), 150 mM NaCl (0.876 g NaCl, use the Hoagland’s nutrient solution up to 100 mL), 4 °C, and 100 μM different hormones (ABA, IAA, JA, GA, SA, or eBL, 1 M, add into Hoagland’s nutrient solution), CK (control group, distilled water add into Hoagland’s nutrient solution). Leaves of each group were harvested after 6 h of treatment, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Each sample was taken from three different plants and three biological replicates were performed.
Total RNA was extracted from the sample using Trizol reagent (Takara, Beijing, China), and the first strand of cDNA was obtained by the reverse transcribing of 1 µg of RNA according to the manufacturer’s First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). Expression levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR, and the primers for the ComBES1 gene were designed using Primer Premier 5 software (v5.00) (Table S2). The reaction mix contained 10 µL AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), 0.4 µL upstream primers, 0.4 µL downstream primers, 2 µL cDNA, and up to 20 µL with ddH2O. The qRT-PCR process was set as follows: stage 1 was the initial denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C; stage 2 was circular reaction at 95 °C for 10 s and 60 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles; stage 3 was melting curve at 95 °C for 15 s, 60 °C for 1 min. The average threshold cycle (Ct) for each sample was calculated, the determined transcript abundance of genes was calculated by the 2−∆∆CT method [54], and β-actin was used as an internal control. Three biological replicates and three experimental replicates were performed for each sample.
4.6. Gene Clone, Recombinant Plasmid Construction, Subcellular Localization, and Transcriptional Activity Analysis
The CmoBES1 genes were amplified from C. moschata three-leaf stage leaves using their specific primers (Table S3), and the cloned fragments were connected to Blunt-Zero Vector (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) and sequenced. For subcellular localization and transcriptional activity analysis, the CmoBES1 gene-coding sequence without terminating codons was amplified using the primers (Tables S4 and S5), and the correct sequence was introduced into pCAMBIA1305 and pGBKT7 vector with GFP tags by homologous recombination to form the recombinant plasmids.
For transient expression, N. benthamiana was used as an experimental host; it has good efficiency in gene transformation and regeneration and has been demonstrated to be effective in transient expression of a variety of proteins [55,56,57,58]. The 2 mL of resuspended Agrobacterium strain GV3101 carrying CmoBES1-GFP and GFP vector were injected into 3–4-week-old N. benthamiana leaves. Previous studies have implicated that BES1 proteins regulated the expression of target genes by altering their phosphorylation status, thereby shuttling between the cytoplasm and nucleus and participating in the BR signaling pathway [25,49]. Therefore, in this experiment, after dark infiltration for 2 d, N. benthamiana was sprayed with 10 μM eBL for 10 min and poured into 150 mM saline for 6 h, and the green fluorescence of BES1 protein was conserved at 488 nm using a confocal microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
For transcriptional activity analysis, pGBKT7 vector and 13 ComBES1-pGBKT7 were transformed into yeast strain Y1HGold cells, respectively, and their transcriptional activities were determined by observing their growth status on SD/-Trp, SD/-Trp-His, and SD/-Trp-His with X-α-Gal medium, as described in Zhu’s report [59].
5. Conclusions
In this study, BES1s were identified in six Cucurbitaceae species and functionally characterized in C. moschata. The 13 CmoBES1 genes exhibited different expression patterns in three tissues, suggesting that different BES1 genes perform specific functions in promoting root development, stem elongation, and leaf growth. The combination of cis-elements and CmoBES1 family experiments under stress and hormone treatment suggests that the CmoBES1 gene family might regulate plant growth and development by responding to different hormones. Most of CmoBES1 proteins were localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Combining the transcriptional activity with the subcellular localization change, four CmoBES1 proteins were found to respond to BR, indicating that these four CmoBES1 genes might be the major transcription factors of the downstream components of BRs signaling in the CmoBES1 gene family. Our study provides a basis for further studies on the role of CmoBES1s in Cucurbitaceae.
Investigation, M.X., Y.W. and M.Z.; visualization, M.X., X.X. and S.X.; data curation, M.X., Y.N. and Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, M.X.; writing—review and editing, M.X., M.C. and X.Z.; funding acquisition, X.Z.; project administration, X.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The study did not require ethical approval.
Not applicable.
All data are displayed in the manuscript and
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of BES1 proteins from cucumber (Cs), melon (Cm), bottle gourd (Lsi), watermelon (CI), silver-seed gourd (Carg), winter squash (Cmo), and Arabidopsis thaliana (At). All BES1 proteins in the seven species were clustered into three groups represented by pink, blue, and green for Groups I to III, respectively. The generated phylogenetic tree included 6 BES1 proteins from cucumber, 6 from melon, 6 from bottle gourd, 6 from watermelon, 13 from silver-seed gourd, 13 from winter squash, and 8 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene information can be found in Table S1.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Localization of BES1 genes on the chromosomes of six Cucurbitaceae species. (A) Localization of CargBES1 genes on the chromosome of silver-seed gourd, (B) localization of CmoBES1 genes on the chromosome of winter squash, (C) localization of CIBES1 genes on the chromosome of watermelon, (D) localization of LsiBES1 genes on the chromosome of bottle gourd, (E) localization of CsBES1 genes on the chromosome of cucumber, and (F) localization of CmBES1 genes on the chromosome of melon. The chromosome number was labelled on the top of each chromosome. The left scale represents the length of chromosomes, and scale is expressed in megabase (MB).
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Gene structures (A) and conserved motifs distribution (B) of BES1s in six Cucurbitaceae species (silver-seed gourd, watermelon, cucumber, winter squash, bottle gourd, and melon). The CDS were represented by blue boxes, and the UTRs were represented by gray boxes. Motif analysis was conducted using the MEME online software (https://meme-suite.org/meme/tools/meme, accessed on 31 August 2022) and TBtools software (v1.108) as described in the Materials and Methods Section 4.4. Different color boxes represented various types of conserved motifs.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. The distribution of stress-responsive cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of BES1 genes of silver-seed gourd, watermelon, cucumber, winter squash, bottle gourd, and melon. The cis-acting regulators of the 2 Kbp sequence upstream of BES1s were predicted through the PlantCARE database website. The green, yellow, pink, dark green, red, gray, laurel green, blue, and black ovals represent abscisic acid response elements, MeJA response elements, salicylic acid response elements, auxin response elements, low-temperature response elements, gibberellin response elements, drought response elements, wound response elements, and defense and stress response elements, respectively.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Expression patterns of 13 CmoBES1 genes in different tissues and under treatments. (A) The expression pattern of 13 CmoBES1 genes in roots, stems, and leaves. The expression of CmoBES1-5 in leaves was set as 1. The expression of other CmoBES1 genes were deduced with the expression of CmoBES1-5 in leaves. (B) Relative expression levels of 13 CmoBES1 genes under salt, drought, and cold treatments. (C) Relative expression levels of 13 CmoBES1 genes under ABA, IAA, BR, JA, GA, and SA treatments. The average threshold cycle of qPCR as File S1 shown. The determined expression levels of all genes were calculated by the 2−∆∆CT method. The expression of genes in CK (control group, Hoagland’s nutrient solution) was set as 1. The experimental information was described in the Materials and Methods Section 4.5. Error bars show the standard deviation of the three replicates, and the asterisk indicates a significant difference. (Student’s t-test; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.)
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Subcellular localization of CmoBES1 proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. (A) CmoBES1-1, -2, -5, -6, -8-GFP proteins; (B) CmoBES1-3, -4, -9, -10, -11-GFP proteins; and (C) CmoBES1-7, -12, -13-GFP proteins. Each line contains a bright field, GFP field, and merged photos, and the empty GFP was the control. The length of the scale bar is 20 μm.
Enlarge this image.Figure 7. Subcellular localization of CmoBES1 proteins under eBL and salt treatments in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Each line contains the bright field, GFP field, and merged photos of CmoBES1-1, -2, -7, -8-GFP, and GFP control. The length of the scale bar is 20 μm.
Enlarge this image.Figure 8. Transactivation assays of 13 BES1 proteins in yeast cells. The transformed yeast grown on SD/-Trp media or SD/-Trp-His media. LacZ activity was assessed by β−galactosidase filter lift assay. Empty vector pGBKT7 was used as a negative control. The length of the scale bar is 4 mm.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
References
1. Glazebrook, J. Genes controlling expression of defense responses in Arabidopsis—2001 status. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.; 2001; 4, pp. 301-308. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00177-1] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418339]
2. Yin, Y.; Wang, Z.Y.; Mora-Garcia, S.; Li, J.; Yoshida, S.; Asami, T.; Chory, J. BES1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to brassinosteroids to regulate gene expression and promote stem elongation. Cell; 2002; 109, pp. 181-191. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00721-3] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12007405]
3. Yin, Y.; Vafeados, D.; Tao, Y.; Yoshida, S.; Asami, T.; Chory, J. A new class of transcription factors mediates brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis. Cell; 2005; 120, pp. 249-259. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.044] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680330]
4. Jin, J.; Tian, F.; Yang, D.C.; Meng, Y.Q.; Kong, L.; Luo, J.; Gao, G. PlantTFDB 4.0: Toward a central hub for transcription factors and regulatory interactions in plants. Nucleic Acids Res.; 2017; 45, pp. D1040-D1045. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw982]
5. Zhou, Y.; Zhang, Z.T.; Li, M.; Wei, X.Z.; Li, X.J.; Li, B.Y.; Li, X.B. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) 14-3-3 proteins participate in regulation of fibre initiation and elongation by modulating brassinosteroid signalling. Plant Biotechnol. J.; 2015; 13, pp. 269-280. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12275]
6. Guo, H.; Li, L.; Aluru, M.; Aluru, S.; Yin, Y. Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.; 2013; 16, pp. 545-553. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.002]
7. Nawaz, F.; Naeem, M.; Zulfiqar, B.; Akram, A.; Ashraf, M.Y.; Raheel, M.; Shabbir, R.N.; Hussain, R.A.; Anwar, I.; Aurangzaib, M. Understanding brassinosteroid-regulated mechanisms to improve stress tolerance in plants: A critical review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.; 2017; 24, pp. 15959-15975. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9163-6]
8. Saini, S.; Sharma, I.; Pati, P.K. Versatile roles of brassinosteroid in plants in the context of its homoeostasis, signaling and crosstalks. Front. Plant Sci.; 2015; 6, 950. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00950]
9. Li, Q.F.; Lu, J.; Yu, J.W.; Zhang, C.Q.; He, J.X.; Liu, Q.Q. The brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factors BZR1/BES1 function as a coordinator in multisignal-regulated plant growth. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech.; 2018; 1861, pp. 561-571. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.04.003]
10. Yang, C.J.; Zhang, C.; Lu, Y.N.; Jin, J.Q.; Wang, X.L. The mechanisms of brassinosteroids’ action: From signal transduction to plant development. Mol. Plant; 2011; 4, pp. 588-600. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssr020]
11. Wang, Z.Y.; Bai, M.Y.; Oh, E.; Zhu, J.Y. Brassinosteroid signaling network and regulation of photomorphogenesis. Annu. Rev. Genet.; 2012; 46, pp. 701-724. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genet-102209-163450] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020777]
12. Bajguz, A.; Hayat, S. Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses. Plant Physiol. Biochem.; 2009; 47, pp. 1-8. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.002] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010688]
13. Campos, M.L.; de Almeida, M.; Rossi, M.L.; Martinelli, A.P.; Litholdo Junior, C.G.; Figueira, A.; Rampelotti-Ferreira, F.T.; Vendramim, J.D.; Benedito, V.A.; Peres, L.E. Brassinosteroids interact negatively with jasmonates in the formation of anti-herbivory traits in tomato. J. Exp. Bot.; 2009; 60, pp. 4347-4361. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp270]
14. Yang, D.H.; Hettenhausen, C.; Baldwin, I.T.; Wu, J. BAK1 regulates the accumulation of jasmonic acid and the levels of trypsin proteinase inhibitors in Nicotiana attenuata’s responses to herbivory. J. Exp. Bot.; 2011; 62, pp. 641-652. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq298]
15. Guo, R.; Qian, H.; Shen, W.; Liu, L.; Zhang, M.; Cai, C.; Zhao, Y.; Qiao, J.; Wang, Q. BZR1 and BES1 participate in regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis by brassinosteroids in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot.; 2013; 64, pp. 2401-2412. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert094]
16. Wu, J.; Wang, W.; Xu, P.; Pan, J.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y.; Li, G.; Yang, H.; Lian, H. phyB interacts with BES1 to regulate brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol.; 2019; 60, pp. 353-366. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcy212] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30388258]
17. Zhao, J.; Peng, P.; Schmitz, R.J.; Decker, A.D.; Tax, F.E.; Li, J. Two putative BIN2 substrates are nuclear components of brassinosteroid signaling. Plant Physiol.; 2002; 130, pp. 1221-1229. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.010918] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12427989]
18. Vert, G.; Chory, J. Downstream nuclear events in brassinosteroid signalling. Nature; 2006; 441, pp. 96-100. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04681]
19. Kim, T.W.; Wang, Z.Y. Brassinosteroid signal transduction from receptor kinases to transcription factors. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.; 2010; 61, pp. 681-704. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092057]
20. Wang, R.; Wang, R.; Liu, M.; Yuan, W.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, X.; Peng, Y.; Yang, X.; Sun, Y.; Tang, W. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and turnover mechanisms of BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; 2021; 118, e2101838118. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101838118]
21. He, K.; Xu, S.; Li, J. BAK1 directly regulates brassinosteroid perception and BRI1 activation. J. Integr. Plant Biol.; 2013; 55, pp. 1264-1270. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12122] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308570]
22. Gampala, S.S.; Kim, T.W.; He, J.X.; Tang, W.; Deng, Z.; Bai, M.Y.; Guan, S.; Lalonde, S.; Sun, Y.; Gendron, J.M. et al. An essential role for 14-3-3 proteins in brassinosteroid signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell; 2007; 13, pp. 177-189. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2007.06.009] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17681130]
23. Li, J.; Nam, K.H. Regulation of brassinosteroid signaling by a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Science; 2002; 295, pp. 1299-1301. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1065769] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847343]
24. Sun, Y.; Fan, X.Y.; Cao, D.M.; Tang, W.; He, K.; Zhu, J.Y.; He, J.X.; Bai, M.Y.; Zhu, S.; Oh, E. et al. Integration of brassinosteroid signal transduction with the transcription network for plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell; 2010; 19, pp. 765-777. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.010] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21074725]
25. Yu, X.; Li, L.; Zola, J.; Aluru, M.; Ye, H.; Foudree, A.; Guo, H.; Anderson, S.; Aluru, S.; Liu, P. et al. A brassinosteroid transcriptional network revealed by genome-wide identification of BESI target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J.; 2011; 65, pp. 634-646. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04449.x] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21214652]
26. Banerjee, S.; Roy, S. An insight into understanding the coupling between homologous recombination mediated DNA repair and chromatin remodeling mechanisms in plant genome: An update. Cell Cycle; 2021; 20, pp. 1760-1784. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2021.1966584] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34437813]
27. Lv, M.; Li, J. Molecular mechanisms of brassinosteroid-mediated responses to changing environments in Arabidopsis. Int. J. Mol. Sci.; 2020; 21, 2737. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082737]
28. Zhao, X.; Dou, L.; Gong, Z.; Wang, X.; Mao, T. BES1 hinders ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 and promotes seed germination in Arabidopsis. New Phytol.; 2019; 221, pp. 908-918. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15437]
29. Lopez-Molina, L.; Mongrand, S.; McLachlin, D.T.; Chait, B.T.; Chua, N.H. ABI5 acts downstream of ABI3 to execute an ABA-dependent growth arrest during germination. Plant J.; 2002; 32, pp. 317-328. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01430.x]
30. Ryu, H.; Cho, H.; Bae, W.; Hwang, I. Control of early seedling development by BES1/TPL/HDA19-mediated epigenetic regulation of ABI3. Nat. Commun.; 2014; 5, 4138. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5138]
31. Oh, E.; Zhu, J.Y.; Bai, M.Y.; Arenhart, R.A.; Sun, Y.; Wang, Z.Y. Cell elongation is regulated through a central circuit of interacting transcription factors in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. eLife; 2014; 3, e03031. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03031] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24867218]
32. Unterholzner, S.J.; Rozhon, W.; Papacek, M.; Ciomas, J.; Lange, T.; Kugler, K.G.; Mayer, K.F.; Sieberer, T.; Poppenberger, B. Brassinosteroids are master regulators of gibberellin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell; 2015; 27, pp. 2261-2272. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.15.00433]
33. Tong, H.; Xiao, Y.; Liu, D.; Gao, S.; Liu, L.; Yin, Y.; Jin, Y.; Qian, Q.; Chu, C. Brassinosteroid regulates cell elongation by modulating gibberellin metabolism in rice. Plant Cell; 2014; 26, pp. 4376-4393. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.132092] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25371548]
34. Zhang, T.; Xu, P.; Wang, W.; Wang, S.; Caruana, J.C.; Yang, H.Q.; Lian, H. Arabidopsis G-protein β subunit AGB1 interacts with BES1 to regulate brassinosteroid signaling and cell elongation. Front. Plant Sci.; 2017; 8, 2225. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02225] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29375601]
35. Lv, B.; Tian, H.; Zhang, F.; Liu, J.; Lu, S.; Bai, M.; Li, C.; Ding, Z. Brassinosteroids regulate root growth by controlling reactive oxygen species homeostasis and dual effect on ethylene synthesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet.; 2018; 14, e1007144. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007144]
36. Liang, T.; Mei, S.; Shi, C.; Yang, Y.; Peng, Y.; Ma, L.; Wang, F.; Li, X.; Huang, X.; Yin, Y. et al. UVR8 interacts with BES1 and BIM1 to regulate transcription and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Dev. Cell; 2018; 44, pp. 512-523.e515. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.028]
37. Park, S.H.; Jeong, J.S.; Zhou, Y.; Binte Mustafa, N.F.; Chua, N.H. Deubiquitination of BES1 by UBP12/UBP13 promotes brassinosteroid signaling and plant growth. Plant Commun.; 2022; 3, 100348. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100348]
38. Shin, S.Y.; Chung, H.; Kim, S.Y.; Nam, K.H. BRI1-EMS-suppressor 1 gain-of-function mutant shows higher susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.; 2016; 470, pp. 864-869. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.128]
39. Ye, H.; Liu, S.; Tang, B.; Chen, J.; Xie, Z.; Nolan, T.M.; Jiang, H.; Guo, H.; Lin, H.Y.; Li, L. et al. RD26 mediates crosstalk between drought and brassinosteroid signalling pathways. Nat. Commun.; 2017; 8, 14573. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14573]
40. Chen, J.; Nolan, T.M.; Ye, H.; Zhang, M.; Tong, H.; Xin, P.; Chu, J.; Chu, C.; Li, Z.; Yin, Y. Arabidopsis WRKY46, WRKY54, and WRKY70 transcription factors are involved in brassinosteroid-regulated plant growth and drought responses. Plant Cell; 2017; 29, pp. 1425-1439. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.17.00364]
41. Ibañez, C.; Delker, C.; Martinez, C.; Bürstenbinder, K.; Janitza, P.; Lippmann, R.; Ludwig, W.; Sun, H.; James, G.V.; Klecker, M. et al. Brassinosteroids dominate hormonal regulation of plant thermomorphogenesis via BZR1. Curr. Biol.; 2018; 28, pp. 303-310.e3. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.077] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29337075]
42. Sun, F.; Ding, L.; Feng, W.; Cao, Y.; Lu, F.; Yang, Q.; Li, W.; Lu, Y.; Shabek, N.; Fu, F. et al. Maize transcription factor ZmBES1/BZR1-5 positively regulates kernel size. J. Exp. Bot.; 2021; 72, pp. 1714-1726. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa544] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33206180]
43. Bai, M.Y.; Zhang, L.Y.; Gampala, S.S.; Zhu, S.W.; Song, W.Y.; Chong, K.; Wang, Z.Y. Functions of OsBZR1 and 14-3-3 proteins in brassinosteroid signaling in rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; 2007; 104, pp. 13839-13844. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706386104]
44. Tang, Y.; Liu, H.; Guo, S.; Wang, B.; Li, Z.; Chong, K.; Xu, Y. OsmiR396d affects gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling to regulate plant architecture in rice. Plant Physiol.; 2018; 176, pp. 946-959. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.00964] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29180380]
45. Yang, S.; Yuan, D.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Q.; Xuan, Y.H. BZR1 regulates brassinosteroid-mediated activation of AMT1;2 in rice. Front. Plant Sci.; 2021; 12, 665883. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.665883]
46. Park, C.R.; Nguyen, V.T.; Min, J.H.; Sang, H.; Lim, G.H.; Kim, C.S. Isolation and functional characterization of soybean BES1/BZR1 Homolog 3-Like 1 (GmBEH3L1) associated with dehydration sensitivity and brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants; 2022; 11, 2565. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192565]
47. Jia, C.; Zhao, S.; Bao, T.; Zhao, P.; Peng, K.; Guo, Q.; Gao, X.; Qin, J. Tomato BZR/BES transcription factor SlBZR1 positively regulates BR signaling and salt stress tolerance in tomato and Arabidopsis. Plant Sci.; 2021; 302, 110719. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110719]
48. Cao, X.; Khaliq, A.; Lu, S.; Xie, M.; Ma, Z.; Mao, J.; Chen, B. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the BES1 gene family in apple (Malus domestica). Plant Biol.; 2020; 22, pp. 723-733. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.13109]
49. Liu, X.; Zhao, C.; Gao, Y.; Xu, Y.; Wang, S.; Li, C.; Xie, Y.; Chen, P.; Yang, P.; Yuan, L. et al. A multifaceted module of BRI1 ETHYLMETHANE SULFONATE SUPRESSOR1 (BES1)-MYB88 in growth and stress tolerance of apple. Plant Physiol.; 2021; 185, pp. 1903-1923. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa116]
50. Sun, H.; Wu, S.; Zhang, G.; Jiao, C.; Guo, S.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, H.; Gong, G.; Jia, Z. et al. Karyotype stability and unbiased fractionation in the paleo-allotetraploid Cucurbita genomes. Mol. Plant; 2017; 10, pp. 1293-1306. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.003]
51. Ma, S.; Ji, T.; Liang, M.; Li, S.; Tian, Y.; Gao, L. Genome-wide identification, structural, and gene expression analysis of BRI1-EMS-suppressor 1 transcription factor family in Cucumis sativus. Front. Genet.; 2020; 11, 583996. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.583996] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33133168]
52. Cartharius, K.; Frech, K.; Grote, K.; Klocke, B.; Haltmeier, M.; Klingenhoff, A.; Frisch, M.; Bayerlein, M.; Werner, T. MatInspector and beyond: Promoter analysis based on transcription factor binding sites. Bioinformatics; 2005; 21, pp. 2933-2942. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti473] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860560]
53. Martins, S.; Montiel-Jorda, A.; Cayrel, A.; Huguet, S.; Roux, C.P.; Ljung, K.; Vert, G. Brassinosteroid signaling-dependent root responses to prolonged elevated ambient temperature. Nat. Commun.; 2017; 8, 309. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00355-4] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827608]
54. Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−∆∆CT method. Methods; 2001; 25, pp. 402-408. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262]
55. Goodin, M.M.; Zaitlin, D.; Naidu, R.A.; Lommel, S.A. Nicotiana benthamiana: Its history and future as a model for plant-pathogen interactions. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact.; 2008; 21, pp. 1015-1026. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-21-8-1015]
56. Zhang, J.; He, S. Tobacco system for studying protein colocalization and interactions. Methods Mol. Biol.; 2021; 2297, pp. 167-174.
57. Li, B.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Shen, Y.; Yuan, Z. Genome-wide identification, gene cloning, subcellular location and expression analysis of SPL gene family in P. granatum L. BMC Plant Biol.; 2021; 21, 400.400. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03171-7]
58. Song, H.; Duan, Z.; Wang, Z.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, C.; Mao, W.; Que, Q.; Chen, X.; Li, P. Genome-wide identification, expression pattern and subcellular localization analysis of the JAZ gene family in Toona ciliata. Ind. Crops Prod.; 2022; 178, 114582. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114582]
59. Zhu, W.; Jiao, D.; Zhang, J.; Xue, C.; Chen, M.; Yang, Q. Genome-wide identification and analysis of BES1/BZR1 transcription factor family in potato (Solanum tuberosum. L). Plant Growth Regul.; 2020; 92, pp. 375-387. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10725-020-00645-w]
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.