1. Introduction
The Winter Olympics promote the leapfrog development of global ice and snow sports and the ice and snow industry, enriching the content of fitness sports and improving people’s health. With the promotion and popularization of the Winter Olympic Games, ice and snow sports are becoming popular worldwide. However, because of its characteristics of high speed and difficult motions, practicing ice and snow sports is more likely to result in sports-related injuries [1,2]. The increase in the number of people participating in snow and ice sports will inevitably raise the incidence of sports injuries. Injuries associated with acute trauma in ice and snow sports primarily involve the head, spine and upper and lower extremities, and seriously affect the health and career of athletes [3,4,5]. In order to detect and count the sports injuries that occur in participating athletes and to further protect the health of athletes, the International Olympics Committee (IOC), in cooperation with National Olympic Committees (NOC) and International Sports Federations, initiated and developed the Olympic injury and illness surveillance system in 2008 [6,7]. However, at the same time, what needs to be monitored, the main current international concerns and how to monitor scientifically still need to be researched and explored. Therefore, the present study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of ice and snow sports injuries research.
A bibliometric study is used for the analysis of co-authorship, co-occurrence, bibliographic coupling and co-citation of previous publications by applying a range of mathematical and statistical methods to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze and measure articles and other forms of publications. Bibliometric studies are widely used in various medical research fields [8,9,10,11,12,13].
However, as far as we know, there have been no studies related to bibliometric and visualized analysis of winter sports-related injuries up until now. Hence, the aims of this study are to investigate the global research status and trends of winter sports through bibliometric methods, to gain a more comprehensive insight into the changes in research trends in different research hotspots (incidence, characteristics, mechanisms and risk factors, etc.) of winter sports injuries in recent decades, in order to scientifically understand and further mediate the risks of injury and improve safety, and to provide directional guidance and research ideas for further research on winter sports injuries.
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Search Protocol
The publicly available data of publications were extracted through a search in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection, which is considered the optimum database for conducting bibliometric quantitative evaluation analysis [14]. The publications included in this study were published from 1995 to 2022. To ensure the quantity and quality of the articles, we selected a number of sports that were most relevant to specific injuries and used topics to search on 18 February 2022. The publications data were determined by two researchers. The search protocols and terms were as follows: TS = (ice sports injur* OR snow sports injur* OR winter sports injur* OR skiing injur* OR skating injur* OR ice hockey injur* OR snowboard injur* OR sled injur*). The type of document was refined to articles. The top three WoS research orientations that were closely related to this study were selected: sport sciences, orthopedics and surgery. Articles published in English were selected for this study. The extracted information included: publication years, authors, affiliations, publication titles, countries/regions, number of articles, total citations, average citations per item, and H-index. The flow chart for article inclusion and exclusion is shown in the Supplementary Material.
2.2. Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis Methods
The publication years, total citations, average citations per item, H-index and other basic characteristics were obtained by using the intrinsic analysis function of WoS. The H-index was proposed by the American theoretical physicist Jorge E. Hirsch in 2005—defined as whether h of his or her Np papers have at least h citations each and the other (Np–h) papers have ≤h citations each—as a useful and valuable index to provide a quantitative assessment of the importance, significance and broad impact of a scientist’s cumulative research contributions and outputs [15,16,17]. Compared with the total impact factor and total citations, the H-index aims to better describe the scientific productivity and influence of authors, affiliations, countries/regions or journals [16,17].
VOSviewer software 1.6.18 (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) was used for constructing and visualizing bibliometric networks based on co-authorship, co-occurrence, bibliographic coupling and co-citation relations [18,19,20]. VOSviewer provides a better understanding and easier interpretation of different terms and clusters through the construction of network visualization maps, overlay visualization maps and density visualization maps. Overlay visualizations can, for instance, be used to show developments over time. Density visualizations provide a quick overview of the main areas in a bibliometric network. The publications data extracted from WoS were imported into VOSviewer to analyze the number of articles, understand the prominent authors, affiliations, journals and countries/regions, mine the highly influential articles, understand the research frontiers and hotspots and explore the future research direction in this domain. The size of the nodes and the thickness of the connecting lines correlate with the importance of the type and unit of the analysis. Associations between authors, affiliations and countries/regions are visualized by weighted total link strength (TLS) lines.
3. Results
3.1. Publication Output and Growth Trends
As of 18 February 2022, for the topic search, a sum of 1605 articles were extracted from WoS. Figure 1 shows the top fifteen countries/regions, affiliations, journals in number of articles, and the growth trends of publications over the past 28 years.
The United States was at the forefront of ice and snow sports injuries research, accounting for 41.2% of total publications (661), with a much larger number of papers than other countries and regions. After the United States, Canada ranked second in number of publications (27), accounting for 17.3% of total publications, followed by Germany (128, 8.0%) (Figure 1a). Figure 1f shows the global distribution of the number of articles. University of Calgary ranked first in number of articles (81), followed by University of Innsbruck (68) and Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (67) (Figure 1b). The top 15 affiliations with the most articles were all located in North America and Europe. The journal with the highest number of articles was American Journal of Sports Medicine (147), followed by British Journal of Sports Medicine with 138 articles and Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine with 103 articles on the research of winter sports injuries. The top 15 journals with the most publications are shown in Figure 1c. The author with the highest number of articles was Ruedl G (43), followed by Burtscher M with 40 articles and Bahr R with 39 articles (Figure 1d). Since 2010, the number of articles published in this field has been on an overall upward trend, peaking at 113 articles in 2021 (Figure 1e). Figure 1g shows that the linear regression-predicted growth model equation based on historical data was Y = 2.649 × X − 5258, with X and Y representing the year and the predicted number of publications, which could help predict future trends. The number of publications is expected to reach 119 in 2030. A total of 1605 articles were written and published in English.
3.2. Publication Quality of Authors, Affiliations, Countries/Regions and Journals
The total citations, average citations per item and H-index of the top 15 countries/regions, affiliations, authors and journals with the most articles in the field of ice and snow sports injuries are illustrated in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 and Figure 2a–d. The United States ranked first with the highest total citations (20,204), and articles with the highest average citations per item were from Norway (43.43). The United States ranked first in H-index with 72, followed by Canada (44) and Norway (34). Articles from Norwegian School of Sport Sciences had the highest total citations (3306) and H-index, which was 32. The Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education ranked first in average citations per item (51.53). The most influential first author with the most citations (2537), the greatest average citations per article (65.05) and the highest H-index (26) in this domain was Bahr R (Norwegian School of Sport Sciences). Articles from American Journal of Sports Medicine had the highest total number of citations (8584), the greatest average citations per article (58.39) and the highest H-index (52), followed by British Journal of Sports Medicine with 5728 times, 41.51 times and 40, respectively.
3.3. Co-Authorship Analysis
Co-authorship analysis was used to analyze authors’ collaboration based on co-authored articles. Figure 3a showed a total of 837 authors were identified with a minimum of two articles. The author with the greatest TLS was Emery CA (126), followed by Bahr R with 97, Ruedl G with 96, Engebretsen L with 91 and Meeuwisse WH with 88. Figure 3b shows that a total of 525 affiliations were identified with a minimum of two articles. The affiliations with the greatest TLS over 100 were the University of Calgary (219), University of North Carolina (127), Harvard Medical School (113) and Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (108). Figure 3c shows that a total of 46 countries/regions were identified with a minimum of two articles. The top five countries/regions with the greatest TLS were as follows: Canada (212), the United States (194), Switzerland (134), England (120) and Germany (110).
3.4. Co-Occurrence Analysis
Co-occurrence analysis was used to reflect the strength of association between key words, and to determine the research hotspots, composition and paradigms of the disciplines or fields represented by these words, and to analyze the development process and structural evolution of the subject areas horizontally and vertically [21]. Figure 4a shows that a total of 233 identified keywords with a minimum of five occurrences were divided into five main clusters: injuries study (red color), head and neck damage study (blue color), risk study (green color), therapy study (yellow color) and epidemiology study (purple color). These categories are based on the keyword clustering algorithm generated within VOSviewer. The same color indicates that the articles are similar in terms of research content. The red cluster (123 items) includes keywords such as injuries, injury, biomechanics and performance, etc. The blue cluster (100 items) includes keywords such as ice hockey, concussion and sports, etc. In the green cluster (98 items), the most frequently appearing keywords are risk, skiing, children and snowboarding. In the yellow cluster (91 items), the most frequently appearing keywords are anterior cruciate ligament, knee and management. In the purple cluster (77 items), the most frequently appeareing keywords are epidemiology, prevention and players. An overlay visualization map was used to show the developments of keywords over time (Figure 4b). The overall trend gradually transited from injury and risk studies to therapy, epidemiology and brain damage studies over time.
3.5. Bibliographic Coupling Analysis
Bibliographic coupling analysis was conducted to reflect the relationship and similarity between two papers that cited a common third article [22,23]. Figure 5a shows that a total of 140 affiliations were identified with a minimum of five articles. The affiliations with the greatest TLS were the University of Calgary (56,129), Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (33,832), University of North Carolina (30,354), Mayo Clinic (23,939) and International Olympic Committee (21,417). Figure 5b shows that a total of 128 authors were identified with a minimum of five articles. The author with the greatest TLS was Engebretsen L (22,861), followed by Bahr R with 22,095, Steffen K with 96, Meeuwisse WH with 18,178 and Emery CA with 17,152. Figure 5c shows that a total of 65 journals were identified with a minimum of five articles. The journal with the greatest TLS was British Journal of Sports Medicine (25,936), followed by American Journal of Sports Medicine with 23,472, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine with 16,642, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports with 8764 and Journal of Athletic Training with 8422. Figure 5d shows that a total of 32 countries/regions were identified with a minimum of five articles. The top five countries/regions with the greatest TLS were as follows: the United States (93,068), Canada (76,781), Norway (49,342), Switzerland (45,642) and Austria (27,947).
3.6. Co-Citation Analysis
Co-citation analysis was defined as the frequency with which two documents were cited together by other documents [24]. Figure 6a shows that a total of 256 journals were identified with a number of citations at least 20 times. The journal with the greatest TLS was American Journal of Sports Medicine (112,796), followed by British Journal of Sports Medicine with 83,647, Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine with 42,745, Journal of Athletic Training with 30,782 and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise with 29,218. Figure 6b shows that a total of 260 authors were identified with a number of citations at least 20 times. The top five authors with the greatest TLS were as follows: Mccrory P (3722), Ruedl G (3592), Florenes TW (3366), Emery CA (3229) and Junge A (3061).
4. Discussion
We identified, through topic research, 1605 ice and snow sports injuries articles that were published in all journals in the WoS from 1995 and 2022. This bibliometric analysis of global research trends in the field of ice and snow sports injuries showed a steady increase in the number of publications over the past 28 years. These articles also covered a wide range of topics that appeal to all professionals. Through these articles, we can provide the necessary summary and overview of the changes in research trends in different research hotspots (incidence, characteristics, mechanisms and risk factors, etc.) of high-level events and winter sports injuries in recent decades.
Bibliometrics was introduced by Paul Otlet and has been popular among researchers in supporting quantitative analysis for understanding the literature and global research status and trends in a domain of interest [25,26]. In orthopedics, scientific methodology and approaches are important in fighting against occurrence and taking control over injury interventions. Within the aim of the study, a bibliometric and visualized analysis was conducted regarding ice and snow sports injuries.
Our study presented an objective and comprehensive overview of the trends and development in ice and snow sports injuries from 1995 to 2022. The annual number of articles related to ice and snow sports injuries has been increasing gradually over the past 28 years and will continue to increase in the next decade. It is speculated that the annual number of articles in this domain will continue to increase to 119 by 2030. The overlay visualization map is color-coded based on the year in which the keywords appear in the articles, and shows developments over time. From the explosion of keywords, we speculate that more and more researchers will focus on studies related to the epidemiology, brain injury and therapy regarding snow and ice sports injuries. Epidemiology-related studies can guide athletes and participants to be alert and avoid various potential injury factors during sports. Brain injuries have been attracting attention because of their greater potential for life-threatening injuries compared to other parts of the body. Therapy-related studies allow for the timely diagnosis and treatment of ice and snow sports injuries in combination with program characteristics and movement mechanisms in order to achieve optimal rehabilitation. These categories are scattered but each has its own focus. This prompts us to pay systematic attention to snow and ice sports injuries. For training guidance, it is important to focus on scientific protection and a multidisciplinary and integrated response plan.
At present, countries/regions, affiliations, authors and journals that mainly focus on snow and ice sports injury research are highest in number in developed Western countries. This is attributed to the long duration, wide audience and high level of winter sports programs in developed Western countries. According to bibliometric analysis, the Bahr R team, the Engebretsen L team, the Meeuwisse WH and Emery CA team, the Ruedl G and Burtscher M team and the Kerr ZY team still lead in this domain. University of Calgary, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, University of North Carolina and University of Innsbruck still dominate the current direction of ice and snow sports injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine, British Journal of Sports Medicine and Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine remain in an unassailable position for ice and snow sports injuries. The analysis results indicate that the journals and authors mentioned above are more deserving of attention. The above teams’ studies in the field of ice and snow sports injuries are more likely to reflect the latest progress, and the breakthrough results and findings in this field are more likely to be reported in the above journals. The publication analysis shows that communication and cooperation between various international teams are increasing, and more exchanges and cooperation are needed to promote research in this area in the future.
Articles on ice and snow sports injuries in this study were extracted from the WoS Core Collection database. The bibliometric and visualized analyses are more objective and comprehensive compared to other studies and could help to understand research hotspots and explore future research directions. However, there are some limitations inherent in this study that must be considered. This study is limited to articles published after 1995, and only the top three WoS research orientations were selected in the study and analyzed. Therefore, partially important articles on ice and snow sports injuries were excluded. Additionally, we only selected a few sports that are most relevant to relevant injuries, so the accuracy of the analysis results is partially affected. Third, the bibliometric analysis is limited by database variation, i.e., PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar are not included in our study [27]. Future research should include a more comprehensive orientation and a broader range of ice and snow sports. Finally, a phenomenon that also affects our findings is that some influential articles are cited a limited number of times [28].
5. Conclusions
This study analyzes publications regarding ice and snow sports injuries around the world by using bibliometric methods to reveal the current global research status and related trends. Since 2010, study on ice and snow sports injuries has been experiencing steady growth, mainly conducted in North America and Europe. The top three productive journals in the field of ice and snow sports injuries are American Journal of Sports Medicine, British Journal of Sports Medicine and Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. Studies related to epidemiology, brain damage and therapy in ice and snow sports will continue to be research hot topics. Particularly, bibliometric and visualized studies focusing on ice and snow sports injuries can be a valuable tool for understanding the research frontiers and hotspots and exploring future research directions in this domain.
This study provides insight into how to enhance the awareness level of athletes, coaches and medical workers on ice and snow sports injuries, so as to scientifically and reasonably arrange training and skill actions to avoid injury risks and be alert to various potential injury factors during competition.
J.L., P.T. and L.Z. conceived and designed the study. W.Z., C.X. and G.X. performed the search, extraction of data, and methodological assessment. All authors analyzed the data. W.Z., D.W. and H.L. wrote the paper and contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Not applicable, because this article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
Not applicable.
The datasets generated and analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1. (a–e) The number and trends of global publications. (f) Top 15 countries’/regions’ distribution of ice and snow sports injuries research in world map. (g) The linear regression model of trends in the number of publications.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. (a–d) The top 15 countries/regions, affiliations, authors and journals regarding H-index of publications.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Co-authorship analysis of global research about ice and snow sports injuries. (a) Network visualization mapping for the 837 identified authors. (b) Network visualization mapping for the 525 identified affiliations. (c) Network visualization mapping for the 46 identified countries/regions. The size of the nodes indicates the frequency of co-authorship. Lines between two nodes indicate that those two authors/affiliations/countries/regions have established collaboration ties. The color of an element indicates the cluster it belongs to, and different clusters are indicated by different colors.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Co-occurrence analysis of global research about ice and snow sports injuries. (a) Network visualization mapping for the 233 identified items. Five main clusters were identified: injuries study (red color), head and neck damage study (blue color), risk study (green color), therapy study (yellow color) and epidemiology study (purple color). The size and distance of the nodes indicate the frequency and relationship of items. (b) Overlay visualization mapping for the 233 identified items used to show development trends over time.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Bibliographic coupling analysis of global research about ice and snow sports injuries. (a) Network visualization mapping for the 140 identified affiliations. (b) Network visualization mapping for the 128 identified authors. (c) Network visualization mapping for the 65 identified journals. (d) Network visualization mapping for the 32 identified countries/regions. The size of the nodes and lines between two nodes indicate a proportional relationship to the similarity of the affiliations/authors/journals and countries/regions.
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Co-citation analysis of global research about ice and snow sports injuries. (a) Network visualization mapping for the 256 identified journals. (b) Network visualization mapping for the 260 identified authors. The size of the nodes indicates the frequency of citation. Lines between two nodes indicate that two articles were cited together by other documents.
The top 15 most published and cited active countries/regions in the top 3 research directions related to snow and ice sports injuries.
| Countries/Regions | Publications (%) | Total Citations | Average Citations Per Item | H-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 661 (41.184) | 20,204 | 30.57 | 72 |
| Canada | 277 (17.259) | 7433 | 26.83 | 44 |
| Germany | 128 (7.975) | 2506 | 19.58 | 21 |
| Austria | 120 (7.477) | 1901 | 15.84 | 23 |
| Switzerland | 111 (6.916) | 3783 | 34.08 | 29 |
| Norway | 88 (5.483) | 3822 | 43.43 | 34 |
| England | 84 (5.234) | 1697 | 20.2 | 23 |
| Australia | 73 (4.548) | 2266 | 31.04 | 22 |
| Japan | 63 (3.925) | 1449 | 23 | 19 |
| Sweden | 58 (3.614) | 1451 | 25.02 | 21 |
| Finland | 45 (2.804) | 1268 | 28.18 | 19 |
| Italy | 45 (2.804) | 393 | 8.73 | 10 |
| France | 36 (2.243) | 557 | 15.47 | 12 |
| The Netherlands | 27 (1.682) | 757 | 28.04 | 13 |
| Scotland | 24 (1.495) | 797 | 33.21 | 14 |
The top 15 most published and cited active affiliations in the top 3 research directions related to snow and ice sports injuries.
| Affiliations | Number (%) | Country | Total Citations | Average Citations Per Item | H-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Calgary | 81 (5.047) | Canada | 3233 | 39.91 | 29 |
| University of Innsbruck | 68 (4.237) | Austria | 1073 | 15.78 | 19 |
| Norwegian School of Sport Sciences | 67 (4.174) | Norway | 3306 | 49.34 | 32 |
| Harvard University | 50 (3.115) | USA | 1657 | 33.14 | 19 |
| University of North Carolina | 49 (3.053) | USA | 1605 | 32.76 | 21 |
| University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | 45 (2.804) | USA | 1391 | 30.91 | 21 |
| University of Toronto | 36 (2.243) | Canada | 825 | 22.92 | 20 |
| Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education | 34 (2.118) | USA | 1752 | 51.53 | 14 |
| McGill University | 32 (1.994) | Canada | 1596 | 49.88 | 16 |
| University of British Columbia | 31 (1.931) | Canada | 936 | 30.19 | 16 |
| University of Michigan | 29 (1.807) | USA | 478 | 16.48 | 14 |
| University of Oslo | 29 (1.807) | Norway | 1480 | 51.03 | 19 |
| University of Colorado System | 28 (1.745) | USA | 1130 | 40.36 | 10 |
| University of Alberta | 26 (1.62) | Canada | 444 | 17.08 | 11 |
| University of Ottawa | 26 (1.62) | Canada | 320 | 12.31 | 11 |
The top 15 most published and cited productive authors in the top 3 research directions related to snow and ice sports injuries.
| Authors | Publications (%) | Total Citations | Average Citations Per Item | H-Index | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ruedl G | 43 (2.679) | 756 | 17.58 | 16 | University of Innsbruck |
| Burtscher M | 40 (2.492) | 746 | 18.65 | 16 | University of Innsbruck |
| Bahr R | 39 (2.43) | 2537 | 65.05 | 26 | Norwegian School of Sport Sciences |
| Emery CA | 32 (1.994) | 984 | 30.75 | 17 | University of Calgary |
| Meeuwisse WH | 27 (1.682) | 1369 | 50.7 | 20 | University of Calgary |
| Kerr ZY | 25 (1.558) | 928 | 37.12 | 15 | University of North Carolina |
| Engebretsen L | 23 (1.433) | 1484 | 64.52 | 15 | Norwegian School of Sport Sciences |
| Muller E | 22 (1.371) | 542 | 24.64 | 15 | Salzburg University |
| Kopp M | 21 (1.308) | 368 | 17.52 | 12 | University of Innsbruck |
| Nachbauer W | 21 (1.308) | 473 | 22.52 | 13 | University of Innsbruck |
| Sporri J | 18 (1.121) | 332 | 18.44 | 10 | Salzburg University |
| Nordsletten L | 17 (1.059) | 676 | 39.76 | 13 | Norwegian School of Sport Sciences |
| Fink C | 16 (0.997) | 269 | 16.81 | 9 | University of Innsbruck |
| Stuart MJ | 16 (0.997) | 404 | 25.25 | 9 | Mayo Clinic |
| Bere T | 15 (0.935) | 555 | 37 | 12 | Norwegian School of Sport Sciences |
| Dompier TP | 15 (0.935) | 600 | 40 | 13 | University of North Carolina |
| Hagel BE | 15 (0.935) | 236 | 15.73 | 9 | University of Calgary |
| Mihalik JP | 15 (0.935) | 302 | 20.13 | 10 | University of North Carolina |
The top 15 most published and cited productive journals in the top 3 research directions related to snow and ice sports injuries.
| Publication Journal | Number (%) | Country | IF (2021) | JCR (2021) | Total Citations | Average Citations Per Item | H-Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American Journal of Sports Medicine | 147 (9.159) | USA | 6.202 | Q1 | 8584 | 58.39 | 52 |
| British Journal of Sports Medicine | 138 (8.598) | England | 13.800 | Q1 | 5728 | 41.51 | 40 |
| Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine | 103 (6.417) | USA | 3.638 | Q1 | 2938 | 28.52 | 30 |
| Journal of Athletic Training | 55 (3.427) | USA | 2.860 | Q2 | 1334 | 24.25 | 21 |
| Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports | 52 (3.24) | Denmark | 4.221 | Q1 | 1609 | 30.94 | 14 |
| Sportverletzung Sportschaden | 49 (3.053) | Germany | 1.077 | Q4 | 324 | 6.61 | 10 |
| Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport | 45 (2.804) | Austrilia | 4.319 | Q1 | 467 | 10.38 | 12 |
| Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy | 42 (2.617) | Germany | 4.342 | Q1 | 1071 | 25.5 | 18 |
| Wilderness Environmental Medicine | 41 (2.555) | USA | 1.518 | Q3 | 506 | 12.34 | 13 |
| Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine | 38 (2.368) | USA | 2.727 | Q2 | 233 | 6.13 | 9 |
| Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured | 37 (2.305) | England | 2.586 | Q4 | 616 | 16.65 | 15 |
| Journal of Trauma Injury Infection and Critical Care | 35 (2.181) | USA | NA | NA | 1088 | 31.09 | 19 |
| Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | 32 (1.994) | USA | 5.411 | Q1 | 1055 | 32.97 | 17 |
| Physician and Sportsmedicine | 30 (1.869) | USA | 2.241 | Q3 | 168 | 5.6 | 7 |
| International Journal of Sports Medicine | 23 (1.433) | Germany | 3.118 | Q2 | 600 | 26.09 | 12 |
| Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness | 23 (1.433) | Italy | 1.637 | Q4 | 160 | 6.96 | 7 |
| Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research | 23 (1.433) | USA | 3.775 | Q1 | 435 | 18.91 | 13 |
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at:
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; Wang, Daofeng 2 ; Xu, Gaoxiang 2 ; Xu, Cheng 2 ; Li, Jiantao 2 ; Zhang, Licheng 2 ; Tang, Peifu 1 1 School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
2 Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China