Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly recognised to effectuate long-lasting therapeutic responses in solid tumours. However, ICI therapy can also result in various immune-related adverse events, such as ICI-associated myocarditis, a rare but serious complication. The clinical spectrum is wide and includes asymptomatic patients and patients with fulminant heart failure, making it challenging to diagnose this condition. Furthermore, the optimal diagnostic algorithm and treatment of ICI-associated myocarditis is unknown. In this review, we describe two cases on both ends of the spectrum and discuss the challenges in recognising, diagnosing and treating ICI-associated myocarditis.
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1 University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4494.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9558 4598)
2 University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4494.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9558 4598)
3 Martini Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.416468.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0631 9063)
4 University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4494.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9558 4598)
5 J.W. Goethe University, Medical Clinic II, Frankfurt, Germany (GRID:grid.7839.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9721)
6 University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4494.d) (ISNI:0000 0000 9558 4598)