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Abstract
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a rapidly progressive and often fatal tick-borne disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. Its discovery and characterization by Howard Ricketts has been hailed as a remarkable historical example of detection and control of an emerging infectious disease, and subsequently led to the establishment of the Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML). Here, we examined an unopened bottle of a vaccine, labeled as containing RMSF inactivated by phenol-formalin of infected ticks, developed prior to 1944 at RML by DNA analysis using Illumina high throughput sequencing technology. We found that it contains DNA from the Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), the vector of RMSF, the complete genome of Rickettsia rickettsii, the pathogen of RMSF, as well as the complete genome of Coxiella burnetii, the pathogen of Q-fever. In addition to genomic reads of Rickettsia rickettsii and Coxiella burnetii, smaller percentages of the reads are from Rickettsia rhipicephali and Arsenophonus nasoniae, suggesting that the infected ticks used to prepare the vaccine carried more than one pathogen. Together, these findings suggest that this early vaccine was likely a bivalent vaccine for RMSF and Q-fever. This study is the among the first molecular level examinations of an historically important vaccine.
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Details
1 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.419681.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 9667)
2 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA (GRID:grid.419681.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 9667)
3 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA (GRID:grid.419681.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 9667)
4 Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA (GRID:grid.419681.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 9667)
5 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, USA (GRID:grid.419681.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2164 9667)