Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of several viruses and other pathogens. Some of these infectious diseases have spread globally, resulting in pandemics. Although biosensors of various types have been utilized for virus detection, their limited sensitivity remains an issue. Therefore, the development of better diagnostic tools that facilitate the more efficient detection of viruses and other pathogens has become important. Nanotechnology has been recognized as a powerful tool for the detection of viruses, and it is expected to change the landscape of virus detection and analysis. Recently, nanomaterials have gained enormous attention for their value in improving biosensor performance owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum size effects. This article reviews the impact of nanotechnology on the design, development, and performance of sensors for the detection of viruses. Special attention has been paid to nanoscale materials, various types of nanobiosensors, the internet of medical things, and artificial intelligence-based viral diagnostic techniques.
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1 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China (GRID: grid.411292.d) (ISNI: 0000 0004 1798 8975); Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey (GRID: grid.440424.2) (ISNI: 0000 0004 0595 4604)
2 Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, 632014, Vellore, India (GRID: grid.412813.d) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0687 4946)
3 School of Basic Medical Sciences, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, China (GRID: grid.411292.d) (ISNI: 0000 0004 1798 8975)
4 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar (GRID: grid.412603.2) (ISNI: 0000 0004 0634 1084)
5 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey (GRID: grid.440424.2) (ISNI: 0000 0004 0595 4604)
6 Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 101-0062, Tokyo, Japan (GRID: grid.265073.5) (ISNI: 0000 0001 1014 9130)
7 Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany (GRID: grid.21051.37) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0601 6589)
8 NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (GRID: grid.11480.3c) (ISNI: 0000000121671098); Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 28029, Madrid, Spain
9 Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, Republic of Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288); UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, 31116, Cheonan, South Korea (GRID: grid.411982.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0705 4288)
10 Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy (GRID: grid.8404.8) (ISNI: 0000 0004 1757 2304)