Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilation of the abdominal aorta with a maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm [1]. The most recognised complication of AAA is aortic rupture, the risk of which increases at larger diameters [1, 2]. Patients with AAA have at least a twofold increased rate of cardiovascular events, particularly myocardial infarction, compared with individuals with normal aortic diameter [3]. AAAs can be readily identified when they are small by ultrasound surveillance or incidental imaging. At this stage, patients have minimal risk of AAA rupture and can thus potentially be treated early [4–7]. There are, however, limited current means to effectively treat such patients [1, 8, 9]. The only treatment currently available for AAA is surgical repair, which is associated with significant mortality (1–5%), peri-operative complications, in-hospital costs, and the need for post-operative follow-up, imaging and, in some cases, repeat surgery [1, 5, 7, 10–12]. Four randomised controlled trials have demonstrated that early elective surgery does not reduce mortality for patients with small (<55 mm) AAAs [4–7]. It is estimated that 50–70% of small AAAs will eventually grow to a size at which surgical repair is indicated [5, 7, 13]. Effective medical therapies administered to patients with small AAAs could prevent or limit AAA growth, thereby reducing or avoiding the need for surgery. Only a small number of randomised controlled trials have been carried out to assess medical therapies for AAA, and none have identified an effective treatment [8, 9, 14]; however, a number of such trials are ongoing [15].
Findings from previous studies suggest that increased consumption of myo-inositol has the potential to target key pathways implicated in AAA progression [16–19]. Myo-inositol can be ingested from a number of foods and is found in high concentrations in vegetables, nuts, whole grains and fresh fruits [20]. Consumption of these foods has been associated with reduced prevalence of AAA and reduced incidence of cardiovascular events [21, 22]. Myo-inositol is a key component of the cell membrane structure and cell signalling pathways [23–25]. Myo-inositol and its metabolites play an important role in the control of cell proliferation, cell survival, matrix remodelling and inflammation [23–31]. Inositol phosphates have been shown to inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation, which is recognised as a master regulator of inflammation and matrix remodelling [26]. Activation of NF-κB upregulates chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine 22 (CCL22), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins, which are all implicated in AAA pathogenesis [32–37]. Inhibition of NF-κB has previously been demonstrated to inhibit AAA growth in pre-clinical animal models [33, 36–38]. Inositol phosphates also control the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway [39]. Inhibition of mTOR limits AAA growth in pre-clinical rodent models by reducing aortic recruitment of inflammatory cells and inhibiting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [40, 41]. Inositol phosphates have also been shown to favourably influence the production of bone proteins [42]. It has previously been reported that bone proteins, including osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN) and sclerostin (SOST), are implicated in the pathogenesis of AAA [34, 35, 43, 44]. Collectively, these data suggest that myo-inositol has potential ability to limit key pathological mechanisms involved in AAA, although the effect of myo-inositol administration on AAA growth has not previously been assessed.
Dietary supplementation with myo-inositol has previously been examined in a number of patient groups, including women with polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes, as well as patients with depression, with favourable results [16, 17, 19, 45, 46]. Administration of doses of ~ 4 g per day has been reported to reduce circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as resistin, as well as to favourably modify circulating lipids by reducing triglycerides and raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen lipids [16–19]. It has previously been reported that patients with AAA have a distinct circulating pro-inflammatory and lipid profile [47–50]. AAA is associated with high serum resistin, triglycerides, linoleic acid-containing triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, and low serum HDL cholesterol [47–50]. Given the ability of myo-inositol to reduce inflammation and favourably modify the lipid profile in other patients, it is possible that this approach could have similar effects in patients with AAA. Such effects would be expected to limit the main complications in these patients, specifically AAA growth and cardiovascular events.
The primary aim of the Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm (IMAGEN) trial is to determine if dietary supplementation with 2 g of myo-inositol twice daily limits AAA growth over 12 months, evidenced by limiting AAA volume assessed on the basis of computed tomography (CT). The secondary aims of the IMAGEN trial are to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with 4 g of myo-inositol daily for 12 months on (a) AAA growth assessed by aortic diameter measured by CT and ultrasound; (b) AAA peak wall stress (PWS) and peak wall rupture index (PWRI) estimated on the basis of CT; (c) lipid profile; (d) circulating markers of inflammation, matrix remodelling and circulating RNA profile; and (e) health-related quality of life.
Methods/design
Study design
IMAGEN is a multi-centre, prospective, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess if dietary supplementation with 2 g of myo-inositol twice daily for 12 months will reduce AAA growth. The trial will be conducted at four sites in Australia: The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane; Gosford Vascular Services, Gosford; The Townsville Hospital, Townsville; and Mackay Base Hospital, Mackay. This trial protocol is reported according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) (see Additional file 1). Only research personnel who are directly involved in the recruitment and data collection aspect of the study will have access to participants’ personal details. All case report forms (CRFs), source documentation and samples will be de-identified and coded with a study number, according to good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines.
Participants
The IMAGEN trialists plan to enrol 164 participants who have an asymptomatic infrarenal AAA measuring a maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm on the basis of CT or ultrasound, both of which will be performed as part of the baseline assessments (see Fig. 1). Participants will be included only if they have a high likelihood of treatment compliance over 12 months as determined by their treating physician or local study coordinator. IMAGEN will not include patients with an existing indication for AAA repair or expectation that this will be revised within 12 months. Additional exclusion criteria include previous reaction to myo-inositol supplementation, inability to tolerate abdominal imaging, inability to provide blood samples and previous abdominal aortic surgery. A full list of inclusion and exclusion criteria is given in Table 1.
Fig. 1 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) figure: schedule of enrolment, interventions, and assessments. ABI Ankle-brachial index, BP Blood pressure, CT Computed tomography
Table 1. Patient eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria |
• Ability to provide written informed consent |
• Diagnosis with an infrarenal AAA measuring a maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm based on CT or ultrasound |
• No current indication for AAA repair according to the treating physician or expectation that this will be revised over 12 months |
• High likelihood of treatment compliance over 12 months according to the treating physician and local study coordinator |
• Aged ≥ 50 years |
Exclusion criteria |
• Symptomatic, ruptured or mycotic AAA |
• Contraindication to the study protocol: |
○ Previous reaction to myo-inositol supplementation |
○ Inability to tolerate abdominal imaging |
○ Inability to provide blood samples for safety and outcome analysis |
• Previous abdominal aortic surgery |
• Current or planned participation in another randomised trial |
• Treating physician feels the patient is not suitable for trial entry |
CT Computed tomography, AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Randomisation
The randomisation scheme will be generated from Stata code (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) and maintained by the central clinical trial pharmacist. Randomisation to myo-inositol or placebo will be stratified by study centre, presence of diabetes and aortic diameter (30–34, 35–39, 40–44, 45–49 and ≥ 50 mm) as measured on ultrasounds. Randomisation will be blocked in a 1:1 ratio (randomly to a maximum block size of 8). The central and site trial managers will be blinded to treatment allocation. Eligible and consenting participants will be allocated to inositol or placebo groups via a telephone call. Once an allocation number is obtained, the trial supplement will be dispensed by the local clinical trial pharmacist (after randomisation and at the 6-month time point). Allocation concealment will be achieved by using a central randomisation centre and employing identical packaging of intervention and placebo. Participants, investigators and outcome assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. In the case of an emergency where breaking of the group allocation blinding is required, the local study centre clinical trial pharmacist will be contacted.
Interventions
Participants in the intervention group will receive four 500-mg capsules of myo-inositol, which is to be taken orally at 08:00 and 20:00 daily. This dose has been used in previous clinical trials in other patient groups and is well tolerated over 12 months, with no side effects reported [16–19, 45]. Furthermore, this dose has been reported to favourably modify lipid profile and reduce circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in other patient groups [16–19, 45], effects that would be expected to limit AAA growth [1, 8, 51]. Participants will be instructed to avoid ingesting aperients or coffee within 1 h of taking the study supplement because these may interfere with myo-inositol absorption [52]. Participants in the control group will receive four 500-mg capsules of inert cellulose powder, which is to be taken orally at 08:00 and 20:00 daily. It will be packaged in an identical fashion to the intervention drug by Pharmaceutical Packaging Professionals (Thebarton, Australia), an established current good manufacturing practice facility.
Participant time line
The overall design of the IMAGEN trial is shown in Fig. 2. At vascular outpatient clinics, potential participants will be identified and pre-screened for suitability, and, if appropriate, informed consent will be obtained, after which they will be formally assessed against the eligibility criteria (Table 1). Individuals will undergo a medical examination, anthropometric assessment (height, weight, waist and hip circumference), resting blood pressure, heart rate and ankle-brachial index assessments, questionnaires (health-related quality of life and food frequency), a 24-h dietary recall survey, and collection of blood samples for measurement of full blood count (haemoglobin, red cell count, white cell count, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), urea and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin, total bilirubin, urea, chloride, bicarbonate), liver function tests (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase), fasting lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol), and fasting glucose. Serum, plasma and whole blood will also be collected for assessment of circulating proteins and genetic (DNA and RNA) analyses. Investigational blood samples will be collected into the following tubes: 2 x 5 ml SST, 2 x 4 ml ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1 x 4 ml Sodium Citrate and 1 x 2.5 ml PAXgene (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Blood samples will be processed according to standard operating procedures and shipped to the study centre in Townsville. Baseline CT and ultrasound will be performed for detailed measurements of AAAs.
Fig. 2 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Design of the Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm (IMAGEN) trial. AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm, CT Computed tomography, PWRI Peak wall rupture index, PWS Peak wall stress
Eligible and consenting patients will be randomised to receive either 2 g of myo-inositol or identical placebo twice daily for 12 months. Participants will be contacted by telephone call at 1 month after commencing the trial medication and asked about adherence to the study drug regimen as well as adverse and clinical events. Phone consultations will be repeated at 3 and 9 months. Follow-up visits will occur at 6 and 12 months, when participants will receive ongoing questionnaires, clinical examinations, blood tests and imaging according to Fig. 1. The occurrence of adverse and clinical events and adherence to the study drug regimen will also be assessed. All participants, including those in whom medication is ceased, will be invited to follow-up visits for the duration of the study in the absence of AAA repair. Final follow-up will occur at 12 months after commencement of medication, at which point the participant will discontinue the prescribed medication and return any unused medication.
Compliance
Previous studies suggest that compliance with dietary supplementation of 4 g of myo-inositol daily is excellent [19, 45]. To facilitate compliance, a number of techniques will be used, including providing participants with the telephone number of the local trial coordinator with instructions to contact in the event of possible supplement-related problems or consideration of discontinuation. In this event, arrangements will be made for the participant to be reviewed by the study physician to ascertain if discontinuation is required. The trial will also use a reminder system to facilitate compliance. This will consist of reminders from the local trial coordinator to each participant at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after randomisation to check and encourage compliance. Participants will be provided with a compliance diary at the commencement of the trial. Participants will bring their diaries and remaining supplement capsules to review appointments at 6 and 12 months, and compliance will be checked by capsule and bottle counting. Where < 95% of capsules were taken since the last review, the study coordinator will attempt to work with the participant to identify the issues which have impacted compliance and provide suggestions on how to overcome these issues in future.
Outcome assessment
Outcome assessment will be performed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Participants will be imaged by ultrasound at baseline, 6 and 12 months and by aortic CT at baseline and 12 months. Blood will be collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months and will be used to assess biomarker outcomes and safety.
Primary efficacy endpoint
The primary outcome measure will be AAA growth estimated by increase in total infrarenal aortic volume on the basis of CT. Previous studies indicate this is a reproducible and sensitive measure of AAA growth [53]. A standardised and established CT imaging protocol will be employed at all four centres, as previously described [53–55]. All CT images will be transferred to the central imaging centre in Townsville, where image quality will be confirmed. Total infrarenal aortic volume will be measured from the level directly below the renal arteries to the bifurcation using the Philips IntelliSpace Portal 7.0 (Philips Clinical Informatics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), as previously described [53]. Central reading of the CT images will be performed by a single experienced observer who has previously been shown to have excellent imaging analysis reproducibility. The repeatability of central readings will be checked intermittently during the central reading period, which will span the duration of the trial.
Secondary efficacy endpoints
Secondary outcome measures reflect the proposed mechanism of action of myo-inositol, are important and relevant clinical events, and are implicated in AAA growth.
Maximum AAA diameter assessed by CT
Maximum AAA diameter is the most validated marker of AAA rupture risk and currently the main determinant of when patients are selected for intervention [4–7, 56]. Maximum outer wall to outer wall AAA diameter will be assessed in anteroposterior (AP) and transverse orthogonal planes centrally from reconstructed aortic CT images obtained using a previously published reproducible protocol [53, 57–59]. The assessment will be performed by a single experienced observer who has previously been shown to have excellent imaging analysis reproducibility.
Maximum AAA diameter assessed by ultrasound
Participants will be assessed by ultrasound in the morning, having fasted from midnight. Maximum outer wall–to-outer wall diameter assessed in an AP orthogonal plane will be measured by experienced sonographers using a 3.75-MHz transducer and ultrasound machines present in the vascular laboratories of each centre (Toshiba Capasee, Toshiba Medical Systems, Duluth, GA, USA; Philips HDI 5000, Philips Medical Systems, Norcross, GA, USA; LOGIQ E9, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA), as previously described [44, 60]. The maximum AP inner wall-to-inner wall, leading edge wall-to-leading edge wall and outer wall-to-outer wall measurements on the largest AAA ultrasound image recorded at each time point will be centrally assessed by a single experienced observer who has previously been shown to have excellent imaging analysis reproducibility.
AAA PWS and PWRI
These parameters will be estimated by a single investigator using the A4research software (VASCOPS GmbH, Graz, Austria) with a reproducible and previously validated technique [2, 61, 62]. A 3D reconstruction of the AAA is produced from the CT images, and a fine element analysis mesh is automatically generated by the software. This is used to estimate the PWS and PWRI, providing a surrogate marker of rupture risk [61, 62].
Serum lipids
Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations will be assessed using automated assays (Hitachi 917; Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) with serum obtained from patients who have fasted overnight. The inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) for these assays has been shown to be between 2% and 5% in our previous studies [49, 50].
Circulating AAA biomarkers
The following biomarkers have been selected on the basis of their reported association with AAA and previous data suggesting they may be favourably modified by myo-inositol supplementation [16–19, 23–46, 63, 64]: serum resistin, plasma interferon γ, plasma CCL22, plasma D-dimer, plasma MMP-2, plasma MMP-9, plasma cathepsin S, serum OPN, plasma OPG and serum SOST. Concentrations will be measured using established commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and expressed as nanograms per millilitre. Intra-assay and inter-assay CV for all these assays are between 3% and 6% in our laboratory (concordance correlation coefficient ~ 0.999) [32, 35, 44, 47, 63–65].
Profiling of circulating RNAs
Blood will be collected into PAXgene tubes at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. RNA will be extracted from these samples and used to assess the expression profile of circulating cells. Established techniques will be used to assess expression profile, including microarrays, next-generation sequencing and RT-PCR as we have previously reported [66–68].
Health-related quality of life
Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) completed at 0, 6 and 12 months and has previously been validated for use in patients with AAA [69]. Additional outcome measures include dietary analysis assessed by means of a food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall interview at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, as previously described [70]. Finally, acute cardiovascular events, requirement for peripheral arterial intervention, AAA rupture, all-cause mortality, changes in background medication and withdrawal from the study dietary supplement (by indication) will be recorded. These data will be recorded through patient interview every 6 months, chart reviews and linked data, as previously described [71–73].
Participant safety
Previous trials using dietary supplementation with 4 g of myo-inositol daily suggest it is associated with no ill effects. There have been no reports of excess gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory or cutaneous symptoms in those randomised to myo-inositol compared with placebo [16, 17, 19, 45]. Patient safety will be assessed at 6 and 12 months following randomisation by assessment of blood pressure and heart rate; laboratory parameters, including serum chemistry (liver function tests, glucose, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and phosphorous) and haematology (haemoglobin, differential white blood cell and platelet counts); and questions regarding adverse events (AEs). Participants will be contacted by telephone at 1, 3 and 9 months following randomisation to enquire about AEs. Furthermore, participants will be provided with full contact details of the site trial coordinators with instructions to contact them in the event of any AEs. All AEs will be reported via standardised forms to the coordinating centre and carefully monitored throughout the study. Serious adverse events (SAEs) will be defined according to current Australian GCP guidelines and will be reported according to the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Safety Monitoring and Reporting in Clinical Trials Involving Therapeutic Goods guidelines (November 2016) [74–77]. All SAEs will be reviewed by the safety committee, which will consist of two independent vascular surgeons. The safety committee will concentrate on events which could be AAA-related, such as sudden death due to AAA rupture, or events that could be related to myo-inositol, such as gastrointestinal problems or electrolyte disturbances. Expected AAA rupture rates for small AAAs are ~ 1–2% per year [4–7]. Rupture rates > 5% per year will be considered cause for concern. In this instance, all other outcome data from the study will be analysed. AAA growth will be compared between groups using these data. The final decision to stop the study will take into account AAA ruptures, AAA growth data and any other serious complications. On the basis of findings, the safety committee will report their decision to the steering committee.
Interim analysis
An interim analysis assessing trial efficacy will be conducted once approximately one-third of participants have completed 12 months of myo-inositol treatment. In this analysis, we will assess changes in AAA volume and diameter over time to determine whether (a) a suggested difference in AAA growth between participant groups is observed and (b) whether a priori calculated sample sizes will provide adequate power to detect any observed differences in AAA growth. These findings will be conducted by an independent statistician using dummy-coded data to separate patients into drug or placebo groups (e.g., X and Y), thereby maintaining trial blinding and minimising potential bias. In the instance of a clear difference in AAA growth rate between groups, the statistician will liaise with the dispensing pharmacist to determine if participants receiving inositol exhibit faster AAA growth than control participants. Findings from this interim analysis will be reported to members of the steering committee, who will consider concluding the trial if either (a) myo-inositol administration appears to be associated with accelerated AAA growth (ethical assessment) or (b) revised sample size calculations based on observed AAA growth for the cohort suggest that group sizes need to be increased beyond what can reasonably be achieved (futility assessment).
Sample size and power calculations
It is hypothesized that dietary supplementation with 4 g of myo-inositol daily for 12 months will reduce AAA growth by 40%, as evidenced by limiting increase in AAA volume from 8.1 ± 6.9 cm3 to 4.9 ± 6.9 cm3. Estimated outcomes for the control group are based on CT volume measured in a pilot cohort [53]. An effect size of 40% is based on the consideration of outcomes likely to be required for clinical efficacy. For example, if myo-inositol reduced annual increase in AAA size by 40%, the estimated time for an AAA initially measuring 40 mm to reach the commonly employed intervention level of 50 mm would be increased from 5 to ~ 7 years. Given that the annual mortality rate due to non-AAA-related causes is ~ 5% in patients with small AAAs, this reduction in growth could be expected to result in ~ 10% less patients requiring interventions over 5 years. This has significant potential social and economic benefit, with a possible cost saving of ~ $1 million per year [5, 6, 12]. On the basis of these estimated outcomes, 74 participants per group are required (80% power, α = 0.05) to detect the hypothesized reductions in AAA volume. Using data from a pilot cohort, it is estimated that this sample size will have a power of ~ 85% to detect a 40% reduction in orthogonal AAA diameter increase, assuming that the SD for the intervention group reduces in line with the mean. Allowing for a dropout rate of 10%, a total of 164 patients will be required. Sample sizes were calculated using G*Power 3.1 software.
Data analysis
Analysis of primary and secondary endpoints will be based on intention to treat at the time of randomisation. All participants who meet the eligibility criteria, provide written informed consent and are enrolled in the study will be included in the primary analysis, regardless of adherence to supplement allocation. The efficiency of randomisation will be assessed by comparing the distribution of recognized determinants of AAA growth, such as initial AAA diameter, and background medication between the intervention and control groups.
The primary efficacy parameter is the between-group difference in mean AAA growth over 12 months as estimated by infrarenal aortic volume measured by CT. If there were to be no dropouts, the observed mean AAA volume increase over 12 months would be compared using a two-sample t test. However, it is expected that 10% of participants will drop out. AAA growth will therefore be analysed using a linear mixed model, specifying zero difference between treatment groups at baseline. The model will have two repeated dependent measurements. The fixed part of the model will contain the following covariates: time for CT measurement as a categorical variable, treatment, and interaction between treatment and CT time. The covariance part of the model will constitute a linear covariance matrix containing the following parameters: variance of CT measurements and covariance parameters. Without reference to the fixed part of the model, the goodness of fit of the assumed covariance model will be investigated. If necessary, the model will be extended with additional terms. The analysis will be performed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), which is capable of fitting arbitrary linear covariance matrices. The main null hypothesis that will be tested is based on the treatment effect as estimated by this model at 12 months on CT measurements.
Secondary outcomes, including AAA diameter (CT and ultrasound), AAA PWS and PWRI, serum lipids, AAA biomarkers, RNA expression profile and SF-36 scores will be compared between the intervention and control groups using a linear mixed effect model similar to that described for the primary outcome. A number of additional analyses will also be performed, depending on the results of the primary analyses described above. These may include adjusted analyses using linear and logistic regression, such as where any important difference between the intervention and control groups are identified and Kaplan-Meier analyses to compare cardiovascular events and AAA repair rates.
Trial and data organisation
This project has been developed through collaboration between experts in the biology and clinical management of AAA, aortic imaging and clinical trials. The trial steering committee comprises senior vascular investigators from the centres involved and experts in drug trials and data analysis. This will be the main policy- and decision-making committee for the study and will meet by teleconference on a quarterly basis. The clinical trial randomisation centre will be located at the NHMRC Centre for Cardiovascular Research & Education in Therapeutics at Monash University. A study coordinator located at James Cook University will coordinate activities across all the participating sites, assisting with local ethics reports, and communicating with the local sites, including updates and maintenance of the trial website, central computerised randomisation, data collection, entry and processing. Trial coordination will be facilitated by a clinical trial network established by the National Health and Medical Research Council-funded Centre of Research Excellence for Peripheral Arterial Disease. To determine whether important differences in the incidence of significant AEs exist between the treatment arms, an independent safety committee has been formed. The core imaging/biomarker laboratory located in Townsville will receive DICOM images of the CT scans and frozen serum/plasma to assess the CT and biomarker outcomes. Baseline and follow-up data will be collected on CRFs. All data will be stored in a central database and examined for data quality. A publications committee will oversee the preparation of reports arising from the study.
Discussion
One of the main risk factors for AAA is age, with the problem being much more common in the > 60-year-old age group [1, 8]. With the continued expansion in the elderly population, the number of AAA operations can be expected to continue to increase [78]. Alternative forms of treatment for AAA are urgently needed, ideally those which are non-invasive, suitable for the older age group and cost-effective. The IMAGEN trial will be the first randomised trial, to our knowledge, to assess the value of myo-inositol in limiting AAA growth. To date, only two trials of medical treatment of AAA with sufficient sample size have been published, and both had negative findings [9, 79]. If the present hypotheses are confirmed, it is estimated that myo-inositol could lead to a reduction in AAA surgery of ~ 1–2% per year at the expense of a low-cost dietary supplement. The results of this trial could markedly change the clinical management of small AAAs, which currently consists of ultrasound surveillance. This study will also provide important information on (a) biomarkers which predict responsiveness to myo-inositol, (b) the effect of myo-inositol on cardiac events and (c) biomarkers for AAA growth. The IMAGEN trial may identify circulating markers which can be used to guide management of small AAA and selection for therapy by drugs or surgical interventions.
Trial status
Participants are currently being recruited.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This trial is funded by a SERTA (study, education and research trust account) research grant awarded by The Townsville Hospital. JG holds a practitioner fellowship from the NHMRC (1019921) and a senior clinical research fellowship from the Queensland government. CMR holds a senior research fellowship from the NHMRC (1045862). The sponsors had no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
JG and JVM developed the protocol for the trial. CMR participated in the design of the trial. TCG will undertake AAA peak wall stress assessments. JVM will lead the data analysis. CSM and SKM will undertake laboratory assays. SER, MB and GA are the site coordinators. JLP and RJ are responsible for management of the trial across all sites. LY is responsible for dietary analysis. SER wrote the paper based on the protocol. All authors edited the manuscript. JG (The Townsville Hospital), JSJ (The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital), BB (Gosford Vascular Services) and RV (Mackay Base Hospital) are the site principal investigators. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors’ information
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The protocol (version 2.2, dated 15 February 2016) was approved by The Prince Charles Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/15/QPCH/157) and is registered at www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12615001209583). The trial will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants will be informed about the purpose of the trial, as well as about the risks and benefits, and written informed consent will be obtained by the local study coordinator prior to participants’ entry into the trial.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Ankle-brachial index
Adverse event
Anteroposterior
Blood pressure
C-C motif chemokine 22
Case report form
Computed tomography
Coefficient of variation
Good clinical practice
High-density lipoprotein
Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Low-density lipoprotein
Matrix metalloproteinase
Mechanistic target of rapamycin
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
National Health and Medical Research Council
Osteoprotegerin
Osteopontin
Peak wall rupture index
Peak wall stress
Serious adverse event
36-item Short Form Health Survey
Sclerostin
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials
References
1. Moxon, JV et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: current status and future prospects. Curr Probl Cardiol; 2010; 35,
2. Khosla, S et al. Meta-analysis of peak wall stress in ruptured, symptomatic and intact abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Surg; 2014; 101,
3. Norman, PE; Muller, J; Golledge, J. The cardiovascular and prognostic significance of the infrarenal aortic diameter. J Vasc Surg; 2011; 54,
4. Cao, P et al. Comparison of surveillance versus aortic endografting for small aneurysm repair (CAESAR): results from a randomised trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2011; 41,
5. Lederle, FA et al. Immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med; 2002; 346,
6. Ouriel, K et al. Endovascular repair compared with surveillance for patients with small abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg; 2010; 51,
7. United Kingdom Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Long-term outcomes of immediate repair compared with surveillance of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. N Engl J Med.; 2002; 346,
8. Golledge, J et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: pathogenesis and implications for management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2006; 26,
9. Golledge, J; Norman, PE. Current status of medical management for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis; 2011; 217,
10. EVAR trial participants. Endovascular aneurysm repair versus open repair in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (EVAR trial 1): randomised controlled trial. Lancet; 2005; 365,
11. Golledge, J et al. The outcome of endovascular repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ann Surg; 2007; 245,
12. Hayter, CL et al. Follow-up costs increase the cost disparity between endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg; 2005; 42,
13. UK Small Aneurysm Trial Participants. Health service costs and quality of life for early elective surgery or ultrasonographic surveillance for small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Lancet; 1998; 352,
14. Robertson, L; Atallah, E; Stansby, G. Pharmacological treatment of vascular risk factors for reducing mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.; 2014; 1, CD010447.
15. Golledge, J et al. Challenges and opportunities in limiting abdominal aortic aneurysm growth. J Vasc Surg; 2017; 65,
16. D’Anna, R et al. Effects of a new flavonoid and myo-inositol supplement on some biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Int J Endocrinol.; 2014; 2014, 653561. [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254044][PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4164131]
17. Giordano, D et al. Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome: a perspective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause; 2011; 18,
18. Maeba, R et al. Myo-inositol treatment increases serum plasmalogens and decreases small dense LDL, particularly in hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo); 2008; 54,
19. Santamaria, A et al. One-year effects of myo-inositol supplementation in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Climacteric; 2012; 15,
20. Clements, RS, Jr; Darnell, B. Myo-inositol content of common foods: development of a high-myo-inositol diet. Am J Clin Nutr; 1980; 33,
21. Estruch, R et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med; 2013; 368,
22. Stackelberg, O et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption with risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Circulation; 2013; 128,
23. Billcliff, PG; Lowe, M. Inositol lipid phosphatases in membrane trafficking and human disease. Biochem J; 2014; 461,
24. Croze, ML; Soulage, CO. Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases. Biochimie; 2013; 95,
25. Ivanova, H et al. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-isoform diversity in cell death and survival. Biochim Biophys Acta; 2014; 1843,
26. Condé, C et al. The inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 inhibits NOD2-induced NF-κB activation by disturbing the interaction of XIAP with RIP2. PLoS One; 2012; 7,
27. Gold, MJ et al. Lineage-specific regulation of allergic airway inflammation by the lipid phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP-1). J Allergy Clin Immunol; 2015; 136,
28. Kapral, M et al. Inhibitory effect of inositol hexaphosphate on metalloproteinases transcription in colon cancer cells stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate. Acta Pol Pharm; 2012; 69,
29. Kapral, M et al. The effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the expression of selected metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in IL-1β-stimulated colon cancer cells. Int J Colorectal Dis; 2012; 27,
30. Luo, HR; Mondal, S. Molecular control of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling in neutrophils. EMBO Rep; 2015; 16,
31. Semini, G et al. Inositol-C2-PAF down-regulates components of the antigen presentation machinery in a 2D-model of epidermal inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol; 2014; 87,
32. Golledge, J et al. The novel association of the chemokine CCL22 with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Pathol; 2010; 176,
33. Miyake, T et al. Regression of abdominal aortic aneurysms by simultaneous inhibition of nuclear factor κB and Ets in a rabbit model. Circ Res; 2007; 101,
34. Moran, CS et al. Osteoprotegerin deficiency limits angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation and rupture in the apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2014; 34,
35. Moran, CS et al. Association of osteoprotegerin with human abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Circulation; 2005; 111,
36. Saito, T et al. Importance of endothelial NF-κB signalling in vascular remodelling and aortic aneurysm formation. Cardiovasc Res; 2013; 97,
37. Yang, Z. Endothelial NF-κB: the remote controller of the backyard fire in the vascular wall?. Cardiovasc Res; 2013; 97,
38. Nakashima, H et al. Inhibition of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm in the rat by use of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides suppressing activity of nuclear factor κB and Ets transcription factors. Circulation; 2004; 109,
39. Lee, JY et al. Inositol polyphosphate multikinase signaling in the regulation of metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci.; 2012; 1271, pp. 68-74.[COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVeks7%2FO] [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06725.x] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23050966][PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499638]
40. Moran, CS et al. Everolimus limits aortic aneurysm in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse by downregulating C-C chemokine receptor 2 positive monocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2013; 33,
41. Rouer, M et al. Rapamycin limits the growth of established experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2014; 47,
42. Iyer, S; Margulies, BS; Kerr, WG. Role of SHIP1 in bone biology. Ann N Y Acad Sci.; 2013; 1280, pp. 11-4.[COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmslWgt70%3D] [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12091] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551095][PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3670113]
43. Bruemmer, D et al. Angiotensin II-accelerated atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation is attenuated in osteopontin-deficient mice. J Clin Invest; 2003; 112,
44. Golledge, J et al. Association between osteopontin and human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2007; 27,
45. Matarrelli, B et al. Effect of dietary myo-inositol supplementation in pregnancy on the incidence of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 2013; 26,
46. Mukai, T et al. A meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol; 2014; 29,
47. Golledge, J et al. Obesity, adipokines, and abdominal aortic aneurysm: Health in Men study. Circulation; 2007; 116,
48. Golledge, J et al. Circulating markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm presence and progression. Circulation; 2008; 118,
49. Golledge, J et al. Association between serum lipoproteins and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am J Cardiol; 2010; 105,
50. Moxon, JV et al. Comparison of the serum lipidome in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and peripheral artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Genet; 2014; 7,
51. Golledge, J; Norman, PE. Pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysm relevant to improvements in patients’ management. Curr Opin Cardiol; 2009; 24,
52. De Grazia, S et al. Myo-inositol soft gel capsules may prevent the risk of coffee-induced neural tube defects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv; 2012; 9,
53. Parr, A et al. Comparison of volume and diameter measurement in assessing small abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion examined using computed tomographic angiography. Eur J Radiol; 2011; 79,
54. The Australia and New Zealand Society of Vascular Surgery. The Australian Vascular Audit. February 2014.
55. Vammen, S et al. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of roxithromycin for prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion. Br J Surg; 2001; 88,
56. Lederle, FA et al. Rupture rate of large abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients refusing or unfit for elective repair. JAMA; 2002; 287,
57. Jayalath, RW; Jackson, P; Golledge, J. Quantification of abdominal aortic calcification on CT. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2006; 26,
58. Parr, A et al. Thrombus volume is associated with cardiovascular events and aneurysm growth in patients who have abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg; 2011; 53,
59. Rai, D et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm calcification and thrombus volume are not associated with outcome following endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Eur Radiol; 2014; 24,
60. Ferguson, CD et al. Association of statin prescription with small abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. Am Heart J; 2010; 159,
61. Martufi, G et al. Multidimensional growth measurements of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg; 2013; 58,
62. Gasser, TC et al. A novel strategy to translate the biomechanical rupture risk of abdominal aortic aneurysms to their equivalent diameter risk: method and retrospective validation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg; 2014; 47,
63. Golledge, J et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma D-dimer for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J; 2011; 32,
64. Smallwood, L et al. Polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase 9 gene and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg; 2008; 95,
65. Clancy, P et al. Assessment of a serum assay for quantification of abdominal aortic calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol; 2006; 26,
66. Biros, E et al. Differential gene expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic occlusive disease. Oncotarget; 2015; 6,
67. Biros, E et al. Differential gene expression in the proximal neck of human abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis; 2014; 233,
68. Biros, E et al. microRNA profiling in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: the significance of miR-155. Clin Sci (Lond); 2014; 126,
69. Chong, PF et al. The intermittent claudication questionnaire: a patient-assessed condition-specific health outcome measure. J Vasc Surg; 2002; 36,
70. Bingham, SA et al. Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. Br J Nutr; 1994; 72,
71. Golledge, J et al. Body mass index is inversely associated with mortality in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis; 2013; 229,
72. Golledge, J et al. Association of chronic kidney disease categories defined with different formulae with major adverse events in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Atherosclerosis; 2014; 232,
73. Golledge, J et al. Association of impaired fasting glucose, diabetes and their management with the presentation and outcome of peripheral artery disease: a cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol.; 2014; 13, 147. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0147-2] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25361884][PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230372]
74. Burton, NW et al. Efficacy of brief behavioral counselling by allied health professionals to promote physical activity in people with peripheral arterial disease (BIPP): study protocol for a multi-center randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health; 2016; 16,
75. Morris, DR et al. TElmisartan in the management of abDominal aortic aneurYsm (TEDY): the study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials.; 2015; 16, 274. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-015-0793-z] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26081587][PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482315]
76. Rowbotham, SE. Fenofibrate in the management of AbdoMinal aortic anEurysm (FAME)-2: the study protocol for a multi-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Clin Trials.; 2016; 3, pp. 217-24. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20163960]
77. Rowbotham, SE et al. Fenofibrate in the management of AbdoMinal aortic anEurysm (FAME): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials; 2017; 18,
78. Sun, D et al. Evaluation of the performance of national health systems in 2004-2011: an analysis of 173 countries. PLoS One; 2017; 12,
79. Meijer, CA et al. Doxycycline for stabilization of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med; 2013; 159,
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
© The Author(s). 2017. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Abstract
Background
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a focal dilation of the abdominal aorta and is associated with a risk of fatal rupture. Experimental studies suggest that myo-inositol may exert beneficial effects on AAAs through favourable changes to biological pathways implicated in AAA pathology. The aim of the Inositol in the MAnaGemENt of abdominal aortic aneurysm (IMAGEN) trial is to assess if myo-inositol will reduce AAA growth.
Methods/design
IMAGEN is a multi-centre, prospective, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 164 participants with an AAA measuring ≥ 30 mm will be randomised to either 2 g of myo-inositol or identical placebo twice daily for 12 months. The primary outcome measure will be AAA growth estimated by increase in total infrarenal aortic volume measured on computed tomographic scans. Secondary outcome measures will include AAA diameter assessed by computed tomography and ultrasound, AAA peak wall stress and peak wall rupture index, serum lipids, circulating AAA biomarkers, circulating RNAs and health-related quality of life. All analysis will be based on the intention-to-treat principle at the time of randomisation. All patients who meet the eligibility criteria, provide written informed consent and are enrolled in the study will be included in the primary analysis, regardless of adherence to dietary allocation.
Discussion
Currently, there is no known medical therapy to limit AAA progression. The IMAGEN trial will be the first randomised trial, to our knowledge, to assess the value of myo-inositol in limiting AAA growth.
Trial registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12615001209583. Registered on 6 November 2015.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
Details
1 The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Herston, Australia (GRID:grid.1003.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9320 7537); The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Herston, Australia (GRID:grid.416100.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0688 4634); College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0474 1797)
2 College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0474 1797)
3 Gosford Vascular Services, Gosford, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1)
4 College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0474 1797); Gosford Vascular Services, Gosford, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1)
5 School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Solid Mechanics, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.5037.1) (ISNI:0000000121581746)
6 The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, Herston, Australia (GRID:grid.416100.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0688 4634)
7 Curtin University, School of Public Health, Perth, Australia (GRID:grid.1032.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0375 4078); Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857)
8 College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.1011.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0474 1797); The Townsville Hospital, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville, Australia (GRID:grid.417216.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9237 0383)