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Abstract
The heavy reliance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has caused rising concerns on the sustainability of lithium and transition metal and the ethic issue around mining practice. Developing alternative energy storage technologies beyond lithium has become a prominent slice of global energy research portfolio. The alternative technologies play a vital role in shaping the future landscape of energy storage, from electrified mobility to the efficient utilization of renewable energies and further to large-scale stationary energy storage. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are a promising alternative given its chemical and economic benefits, making a strong competitor to LIBs and sodium-ion batteries for different applications. However, many are unknown regarding potassium storage processes in materials and how it differs from lithium and sodium and understanding of solid–liquid interfacial chemistry is massively insufficient in PIBs. Therefore, there remain outstanding issues to advance the commercial prospects of the PIB technology. This Roadmap highlights the up-to-date scientific and technological advances and the insights into solving challenging issues to accelerate the development of PIBs. We hope this Roadmap aids the wider PIB research community and provides a cross-referencing to other beyond lithium energy storage technologies in the fast-pacing research landscape.
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1 Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
2 Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
3 Ocean University of China , Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
4 Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom; Thomas Young Centre, University College London , Gower St, London, United Kingdom
5 School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
6 School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
7 School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University , Changsha, People’s Republic of China
8 Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science , 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
9 Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
10 School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University , Qinhuangdao, People’s Republic of China
11 Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Sonning Common , Reading, United Kingdom
12 Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland; The SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine (MaREI), University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
13 Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
14 ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS , Montpellier, France; Alistore-ERI, CNRS , Amiens, France
15 Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute (TMI), The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, United States of America
16 ICGM, University Montpellier, CNRS , Montpellier, France; Alistore-ERI, CNRS , Amiens, France; RS2E, CNRS , Amiens, France
17 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, United States of America
18 Department of Chemistry, University College London , 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom; Thomas Young Centre, University College London , Gower St, London, United Kingdom; The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus , Didcot, United Kingdom
19 Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, People’s Republic of China
20 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China