Abstract
This present study investigates the heat-assisted extraction (HAE) of bioactive antioxidants from Enantia chlorantha stem bark (ECSB). The effects of process parameters of operating temperature (OT: 35–55 °C), extraction time (ET: 100–200 min) and solid: liquid ratio (S/L: 1:20–1:50 g/mL) are determined on the total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and extract yield (EY) using the D-Optimal design. Multi-criteria optimization is also conducted to determine the HAE optimum conditions. The integrated process for E. chlorantha stem bark extracts (ECBEs) production is thereafter designed with the optimum HAE conditions and techno-economically analysed. Three industrial ECBEs production setups (5, 100 and 1000 L extractor capacities) are analysed for probable scale-up and the risk & sensitivity analyses are conducted via Monte Carlo simulation. The HAE parameters affect the extraction process significantly. The OT, ET and S/L that maximize the TPC, AA and EY simultaneously are: OT = 54.10 °C, ET = 120.16 min and S/L = 1:50 g/mL. The 1000 L plant extractor setup is the most economical capacity having the least unit production cost (UPC) of 763.52 US$/kg ECBEs. The certainty of achieving 763.52 US$/kg ECBEs for the 1000 L capacity is 55.43% and the only variable with negative contribution (− 37.9%) on ECBEs UPC is the extract recovery variable.
Article Highlights
Heat-assisted extraction technology is capable of recovering polyphenols from E. chlorantha stem bark.
The extract is rich in chlorogenic acid, betulinic acid, ellagic acid. gallic acid and rutin.
The 1000 L extractor plant capacity is the most economical scale with the unit production cost of 763.52 US$/kg.
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1 Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Umudike, Nigeria (GRID:grid.442668.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 1269)
2 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ogbomoso, Nigeria (GRID:grid.411270.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9777 3851); Forest Research Institute of Nigeria, Jericho Ibadan, Nigeria (GRID:grid.463294.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 7624)
3 Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), Gelugor, Malaysia (GRID:grid.11875.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2294 3534)
4 Mangosuthu University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Durban, South Africa (GRID:grid.429399.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0630 4697)
5 Vaal University of Technology, Southern Guateng Science and Technology Park, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, Institute of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Medicine, Sebokeng, South Africa (GRID:grid.442351.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2150 8805)
6 Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Bellville, South Africa (GRID:grid.411921.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0177 134X)
7 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ogbomoso, Nigeria (GRID:grid.411270.1) (ISNI:0000 0000 9777 3851)