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1. Introduction
COVID-19 has significantly impacted the globally interconnected economy and the majority of all industrial sectors globally (Fares and Lloret, 2022; Yiwei et al., 2021). The pandemic has caused lockdown and worldwide disruption of physical flows (Najaf et al., 2022). Manufacturers and logisticians have had to hold off their activities, generating global disruption in demand and supply patterns (Singh et al., 2021). Amongst the impacts of various disease outbreaks experienced by supply chains, the COVID-19 pandemic is unique in its simultaneous negative impact on all the nodes of supply chains. It generated a diverse, severe and substantial disruption (Chowdhury et al., 2021). The negative impact of this pandemic was worsened by the fact that supply chains are interlinked and form a complex and highly sophisticated global network. The propagation of disruption across the global network generated transportation vulnerability, delivery delays and material shortages (Karmaker et al., 2021). Therefore, an advanced resilience analysis of cascading failure and feeling of uncertainty among the nodes of the upstream and downstream supply chain in the network is required (Golan et al., 2020).
The problem here is how to build, based on the evidence gathered from the COVID-19 pandemic, a robust supply chain that will proactively resist disruptions. Patil et al. (2021) explored supply chain performance measurement barriers, but all interviewees were from India and broader research is lacking. Different theoretical approaches have handled problems related to supply chain disruption and risk management following COVID-19, yet limited efforts regarding performance measurement systems (PMSs) for predictive analysis have been noticed. In fact, PMSs encompass internal and external chains among multi-tier nodes (Maestrini et al., 2017); however, these PMSs should be adapted to changes in business practices that have occurred during the current pandemic and might persist post-pandemic, as companies must develop supply chain recovery strategies for businesses in the wake of COVID-19 (Paul et al., 2021).
This area of supply chain management deserves investigation because analysis of risks in supply chain management is crucial to mitigate the disruptive effects of COVID-19 (El Baz and Ruel, 2021). Automotive manufacturers, such as Toyota and Hyundai, were warned by Wuhan-based suppliers about troubles in deliveries (Belhadi et al., 2021). Amazon developed its own logistic...