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Abstract
In nature, complex systems are commonly built by the aggregation of small building blocks in a process called “self-assembly”. By mimicking and controlling this bottom-up approach, it would be possible to design and build all sorts of nanostructures, simply by using a proper set of molecular building blocks. However, the a priori design of self-assembled structures and properties is still far from been achieved.
More insight can be gathered by the use of a simple model system, to understand how a molecule on a surface will interact with its neighbours or with the substrate itself. Nonetheless, the same molecular precursors are often involved in biologically relevant processes and form sophisticated materials like enzymes and ribosomes. Understanding their self-assembly could lead to the ability to encode this kind of complexity and information density into engineered selfassembled molecular structures.
Within this view, we present here the results concerning the systematic investigation of functionalized indols over various substrates (HOPG, Au and Ag). The chosen molecules are the precursors of eumelanin, an elusive class of black insoluble polymers derived biogenetically from tyrosine with potential application in bioelectronics.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy allows to observe the formed 2D self-assembled structures in a reduced complexity environment, where the relation between the weak non-covalent intermolecular interactions and the adopted supramolecular structure can be uncovered. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy monitors the variation of the chemical state of the molecule, while density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulation corroborate our hypothesis.
The self-assembled structure formed by indole 2-carboxylic acid (I2CA) has a single carboxylic acid that creates hydrogen-bonded dimers, which are arranged into lamellar structures relatively independently of the substrate and preparation conditions. The catechol group of 5,6- dihydroxyindole (DHI) is instead strongly affected by the applied surface, which triggers a redox reaction leading to metal-organic nanostructures on Ag(111) or covalent dimers on Au(111). The presence of both a carboxyl and a catechol in 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) leads to a variety of different architectures, determined by the interplay between its carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. The catechol group oxidizes upon O2 exposure, triggering further phase transformations.