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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8–16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998–2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019–2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of <50,000 inhabitants, while living in the southern regions was associated with non-optimal MD adherence (p < 0.001). Participants of the 2019–2020 study showed an increase in the consumption of dairy products (31.1% increase), pasta/rice (15.4% increase), olive oil (16.9% increase), and nuts (9.7% increase), as well as a decreased sweets and candies intake (12.6% reduction). In contrast, a significantly lower MD adherence was found when comparing the 2019–2020 (mean ± SE: 6.9 ± 0.04) and the 1998–2000 study (7.37 ± 0.08); p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one.

Details

Title
Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades
Author
Herrera-Ramos, Estefanía 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Tomaino, Laura 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sánchez-Villegas, Almudena 2 ; Ribas-Barba, Lourdes 3 ; Gómez, Santiago F 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wärnberg, Julia 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Osés, Maddi 6 ; González-Gross, Marcela 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Gusi, Narcis 8   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Aznar, Susana 9   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marín-Cascales, Elena 10   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; González-Valeiro, Miguel Ángel 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Terrados, Nicolás 12   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Tur, Josep A 13   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Segú, Marta 14 ; Fitó, Montserrat 15 ; Homs, Clara 16 ; Benavente-Marín, Juan Carlos 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Labayen, Idoia 17   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Zapico, Augusto G 18   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sánchez-Gómez, Jesús 8 ; Jiménez-Zazo, Fabio 19   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Alcaraz-Ramón, Pedro Emilio 10   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sevilla-Sanchez, Marta 11   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Pulgar-Muñoz, Susana 12 ; Bouzas, Cristina 13   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sistac-Sorigué, Clara 14 ; Schröder, Helmut 20   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Serra-Majem, Lluis 21   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain 
 Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; IS-FOOD—Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IDISNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain 
 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (FIN), Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 
 Gasol Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; GREpS, Health Education Research Group, Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of Lleida, 25008 Lleida, Spain 
 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; EpiPHAAN Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica en Málaga (IBIMA), University of Málaga, 29590 Málaga, Spain 
 IS-FOOD—Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IDISNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain 
 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain 
 Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain 
 PAFS Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha-Toledo Campus, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain 
10  Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain 
11  Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Universida de da Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain 
12  Regional Unit of Sports Medicine-Municipal Sports Foundation of Avilés, 33402 Avilés, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain 
13  Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Research Group of Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IDISBA), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain 
14  Probitas Foundation, 08022 Barcelona, Spain 
15  Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 
16  Gasol Foundation, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain; Global Research on Wellbeing (GroW), Faculty of Health Sciences, Blanquerna Ramon Llull University, 08025 Barcelona, Spain 
17  Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; IS-FOOD—Institute for Sustainability & Food Chain Innovation, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IDISNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain 
18  ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28003 Madrid, Spain; Department of Language, Arts and Physical Education, Universidad Computense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain 
19  PAFS Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha-Toledo Campus, 45071 Toledo, Spain 
20  CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 
21  Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Preventive Medicine Service, Canarian Health Service, Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain 
First page
2348
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20726643
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2819479612
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.