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The authors’ data set, associated with the target article (Macnamara & Burgoyne, 2023), can be found at
Two meta-analyses examined the effects of growth mindset interventions. Burnette et al. (2023) tested two moderators and found that effects ranged from negative to positive. We (Macnamara & Burgoyne, 2023) tested 11 preregistered moderators and examined the evidence according to a well-defined set of best practices. We found major areas of concern in the growth mindset intervention literature. For instance, 94% of growth mindset interventions included confounds, authors with a known financial incentive were two and a half times as likely to report positive effects, and higher quality studies were less likely to demonstrate a benefit. Yan and Schuetze (2023) contextualized these findings by describing problems with mindset theory and its measurement. Likewise, Oyserman (2023) discussed how growth mindset is a culturally fluent idea; papers supportive of growth mindset are widely embraced, whereas papers taking a skeptical approach are challenged. In another commentary, Tipton et al. (2023) challenged our results, claiming to produce positive effects by...