Synthesis and Structural and Magnetic Properties of Polycrystalline GaMo4Se8

Abstract

GaMo₄Se₈, is a lacunar spinel where skyrmions have been recently reported. This compound belongs to the Ga${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{4}}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{8}}$ family, where M is a transition metal (V or Mo) and X is a chalcogenide (S or Se). In this work, we have obtained pure GaMo₄Se₈ in polycrystalline form through an innovative two-step synthetic route. Phase purity and chemical composition were confirmed through the Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD pattern, the sample characterisation having been complementedwith SEM analysis. The magnetic phase diagram was investigated using DC (VSM) and ACmagnetometry, which disclosed the presence of cycloidal, skyrmionic and ferromagnetic phases inpolycrystalline GaMo₄Se₈.

1. Introduction

The lacunar spinels belonging to the Ga${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{4}}{\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{8}}$ family (M = V, Mo; X = S, Se), crystallise, at room temperature, in the cubic F$\overline{4}$3m (216) space group. At low temperatures, a polar Jahn–Teller (JT) distortion occurs, which consists of a geometrical distortion of atomic positions departing from cubic into rhombohedral symmetry [1]. This distortion, seeking a lower energy state, takes place via vibronic coupling between the ground and excited states, if the coupling is sufficiently strong [2]. In this case, by the action of the crystal field, it is favourable to split the triply degenerate t₂ orbitals into two sets of orbitals, a₁ and e [3,4,5]. Such splitting results from the distortion of the structure along the cubic ⟨111⟩ axis, transforming the structure from F$\overline{4}$3m to rhombohedral R3m. According to the idealised ionic formula, only seven electrons are available for metal–metal bonding in V lacunar spinels, but eleven are available in Mo lacunar spinels. Therefore, the three-fold degenerated highest orbital contains one electron in the V lacunar spinels and five in the Mo lacunar spinels [6].

Figure 1 shows the valence molecular orbital diagrams of both ${\mathrm{V}}_4$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4$ metal clusters, as well as the structure distortion from the cubic $F\overline{4}3m$ to the rhombohedral $R3m$ space group. In the crystal structure, the V/Mo and S/Se atoms form a heterocubane arrangement (in red in Figure 1), while Ga-S/Se bonds group these atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement (in green in Figure 1) [6,7,8]. The rhombohedral angle $\alpha$ in the distorted phase is smaller than $60°$ in the V lacunar spinels and larger than $60°$ in the Mo lacunar spinels, which inverts the order of the $a_1$ and e orbitals resulting from the orbital splitting by the crystal field [6]. This means that when the $a_1$ orbital energy decreases by $-2\epsilon$, the two e orbitals increase energy by $+\epsilon$, and vice-versa. By occupying the molecular orbitals with seven electrons in V lacunar spinels, a stabilisation of $-2\epsilon$ occurs for ${\alpha }_{rh}<60°$, and $-\epsilon$ for ${\alpha }_{rh}>60°$. The reverse effect is observed for Mo lacunar spinels, with 11 electrons, for which the stabilisation energy is $-\epsilon$ for ${\alpha }_{rh}<60°$ and $-2\epsilon$ for ${\alpha }_{rh}>60°$ [6,9,10].

In the high-temperature phase, the space group of these lacunar spinels, $F\overline{4}3m$, is non-centrosymmetric and non-polar. The ${\mathrm{V}}_4$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4$ clusters have a $T_d$ ($\overline{4}3m$) point symmetry that yields a zero DM interaction in the lowest order [11,12,13]. The JT distortion lowers the $T_d$ ($\overline{4}3m$) point symmetry to that of the polar $C_{3v}$$\left(3m\right)$ point group, allowing the emergence of skyrmions, as in the distorted, polar phase the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction is non-vanishing at the lowest order of the moments, i.e., the bilinear, two-spin coupling. The low-temperature polar structure can host both ferroelectricity and chiral magnetic structures, including skyrmionic magnetic phases [4]. Skyrmions are mesoscopic swirling spin textures, mostly found in chiral magnets. They are usually stabilised by competition between isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnetic exchange and DM interactions in non-centrosymmetric structures [14,15,16], but other mechanisms have been disclosed that may also stabilise these spin arrangements [17]. Skyrmionic compounds are attracting much interest as they may find application in high-density data storage systems. In fact, skyrmions can be manipulated via small magnetic fields and even voltages and currents and so may be used to encode binary digits that can both be read and written [18,19,20]. Thus, provided that they can be stabilised at room temperature, skyrmions may provide efficient digital magnetic recording, due to their small size, high stability and also ease of manipulation, as well as resistive-based memories [21]. Recently, there has been growing interest in 2D topological superconductivity in skyrmionic systems, which may also find a way into interesting applications [22].

The distorted, $R3m$ low-temperature structure of these spinels can host similar spin configurations to those of chiral magnets [23], and indeed it allows the stabilisation of Neél-type skyrmions below the magnetic ordering temperature $T_{\mathrm{C}}<T_{\mathrm{JT}}$ in these compounds. As result of the symmetry lowering from the parent cubic structure, the low-temperature rhombohedral phase is microtwinned, with four distinct $⟨111⟩$ domains. By applying a magnetic field, these domains become non-equivalent if the magnetic anisotropy axes produce different angles to the applied magnetic field. As a result, a complex magnetic behaviour arises and more than one magnetic phase may be stabilised depending on the direction of the applied magnetic field [24].

GaV₄S₈ is the most well-known lacunar spinel for which the presence of Néel-type magnetic skyrmions has been confirmed by a variety of experimental techniques [25,26]. GaV₄S₈ is a Mott insulator [27], depicting semiconductor behaviour due to the strong electron–electron interaction. The Jahn–Teller transition occurs at $T_{\mathrm{JT}}=44\mathrm{K}$, and presents a complex magnetic phase diagram below $T_{\mathrm{C}}=13\mathrm{K}$, where cycloidal and ferromagnetic spin-ordered phases are found, and also a small region where skyrmions can be observed [28]. A similar skyrmionic phase was found in GaV₄Se₈, with an extended region of stability compared to GaV₄S₈ [24,29].

In Mo lacunar spinels, the existence of skyrmions was first suggested to occur in Ga$\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4{\mathrm{S}}_8$ through theoretical studies, namely Monte-Carlo simulations [5]. The experimental evidence of skyrmions was only revealed very recently in such compounds [5,30,31,32]. $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4{\mathrm{S}}_8$ is also a Mott insulator, with ferromagnetic and cycloidal spin ordering below $T_{\mathrm{C}}=19\mathrm{K}$ [4,32,33]. Our previous work proved the existence of a cluster spin-glass phase close to $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ in pollycristalline $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ [34]. In the case of $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$, it orders at $T_{\mathrm{C}}=28\mathrm{K}$ and the Jahn–Teller distortion occurs at $T_{\mathrm{JT}}$ at 51 K. Recent synchrotron powder diffraction studies on polycrystalline $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ disclosed that below $T_{\mathrm{JT}}$ the rhombohedral $R3m$ phase coexists with a metastable orthorhombic $Imm2$ phase [30,31]. Such metastable orthorhombic $Imm2$ phases can only be detected through Neutron Scattering Techniques at low temperatures, below $T_{\mathrm{JT}}$, and all the related studies are very recent.

In this work, we conducted a thorough study of the $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ compound, covering a novel synthetic route and structural and magnetic characterisation, to investigate its magnetic properties that provide evidence for the existence of a skyrmionic magnetic phase.

2. Materials and Methods

$\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ was synthesised in polycrystalline form by a simple two-step method, similar to that used in our previous work for $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4{\mathrm{S}}_8$ [34]. In the first step, the precursor $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_2$ was synthesised by reacting stoichiometric amounts of molybdenum (foil, thickness 0.1 mm, 99.9%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and selenium (pellets, <5 mm, 99.99%, Sigma Aldrich) with a molar proportion of 1:2 in evacuated sealed quartz tubes. The tube was placed into a vertical furnace and the temperature was slowly increased from room temperature up to $1000 °\mathrm{C}$ at $36 °\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{h}$ and kept at that value for 3 days. After this period, the temperature was slowly decreased at the same rate down to room temperature. The second step consisted of reacting the obtained precursor with pure amounts of Ga (99.999%, Sigma Aldrich). Then, the obtained $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_2$ and pure amounts of Ga were both sealed in evacuated quartz tubes under 0.2 atm of argon in a molar proportion of 4:1. These were placed in the furnace for a heating cycle with temperature increasing and decreasing rates identical to those of the first step, but the temperature was held at $1000 °\mathrm{C}$ for one week.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterisation

To check the purity of the obtained sample, powder X-ray diffraction data were measured on a Bruker AXS D8 Advance diffractometer equipped with a Cu tube (K$\alpha$ = 1.5418 Å) in Bragg–Brentano geometry. The data were obtained from finely ground powder deposited on a low-background, monocrystalline and off-cut Si sample holder. The presence of pure $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ without extraneous phases was confirmed by a search/match procedure against the PDF4+ ICDD database, further corroborated by a Rietveld refinement using the Profex software [35]. During refinement, only cell parameters and those related to the assumed Lorentzian size distribution of grain size were allowed to vary, atomic positions and thermal parameters were fixed at the published values obtained from single-crystal XRD, with the stoichiometry kept at nominal values for $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$. Figure 2 shows the measured and calculated X-ray diffractograms. No residual unindexed peaks remained in the difference pattern, and the refinement converged to the final quality factors $R_{\mathrm{wp}}=7.98\%$, $R_{\exp }=5.67\%$, ${\chi }^2=1.96$ and $\mathrm{GOF}=1.40$. The mean crystallite size refined to the large value of 303(4) nm, close to the upper resolution limit of the diffractometer, showing that the sample was well crystallised. Table 1 shows the crystallographic data from the Rietveld refinement.

The presented data prove that $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ was obtained with no extraneous phases using the present two-step synthetic method, contrasting with other synthetic routes described in the literature where small amounts of the impurity $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_3\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}$ were always detected [30,31]. A satisfactory Rietveld refinement was obtained ($R_{\mathrm{wp}}$ < 10%), and the residual differences between the observed and calculated intensities occurring in the strongest peaks can be ascribed to texture effects and the large particle size in the obtained powder. The $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_3\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}$ impurity tends to be formed when we react directly stoichiometric amounts of Ga, Mo and Se by the conventional flux method [30,31,36]. Thus, our synthetic route consisting of reacting Ga with the intermediate $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_2$ by avoiding the formation of such impurities affords higher-purity samples of molybdenum lacunar spinels. To investigate in detail the grain size distribution, the morphology of the obtained $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ sample was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the composition by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The images were obtained with a 5 keV electron beam using a detector of secondary electrons at a working distance of  8 mm (Figure 3a). The obtained EDS spectra and the average composition are depicted in Figure 3b and Table 2, respectively.

The examined polycrystalline samples had a grain size in the range 300 nm–1 μm, confirming the large value already found in the Rietveld refinement of the powder XRD data. Only Ga, Mo and Se elements can be detected in the EDS spectra. The average composition, obtained from the EDS analysis, is close to that expected for $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$. No further purification or heat treatment were applied to this sample, which was used as-synthesized for the subsequent magnetisation studies.

3.2. Magnetisation Studies

The thermomagnetic $M\left(T\right)$ measurements were performed on a Quantum Design Dynacool PPMS system equipped with a VSM option. The sample, weighing 3.8 mg, was packed in a clean teflon sample holder. The ZFC (zero-field-cooled) and FC (field-cooled) thermomagnetic curves, measured under an applied magnetic field of 500 Oe, are depicted in Figure 4a, where the anomaly related with $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ can be observed at 27.5 K. A plot of the inverse magnetic susceptibility of the ZFC curve, ${\chi }^{-1}=H/M$, as a function of temperature is seen in Figure 4b, showing a clear signature of the Jahn–Teller transition, $T_{\mathrm{JT}}$, occuring at 51 K.

The skyrmionic magnetic phase found in these type of compounds occurs close to $T_{\mathrm{C}}$, stabilised under the action of an applied magnetic field. It is known that a signature of the skyrmion phase in $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ can be found in M(H) measurements, better depicted as a change in the derivative of the $M\left(H\right)$ curve when the phase boundary of the region where skyrmions exist is crossed. Thus, and in order to unveil the presence of the skyrmionic phase, accurate M(H) measurements with a small H step of 5 Oe and long VSM integration times were performed, covering the temperature between 2 K and 28 K, where skyrmions are expected to exist in $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$.

The obtained $M\left(H\right)$ curves are presented in detail in Figure 5a. The derivative of the data, dM(H)/dH, was calculated by a standard centred three-point numerical method followed by a smoothing filter of the type acsplines to reduce numerical noise [37] and it is presented in Figure 5b.

From the extensive set of $M\left(H\right)$ curves covering the temperature range between 2 and 28 K, it is possible to plot the magnetic phase diagram based on the dM(H)/dH curves. The anomalies representing the transition between cycloidal, skyrmionic and ferromagnetic phases can be detected in such curves. For a better representation of the magnetic phase diagram of $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$, the dM/dH data are represented in a coloured pseudo 3-D plot, shown in Figure 6. This plot was produced using the pm3d interpolation algorithm implemented in gnuplot [37].

On the magnetic phase diagram plot in Figure 6, the phase boundaries determined from the more pronounced dM/dH anomalies of the curves in Figure 5 were drawn as guides to the eye, showing in the range of temperatures from 2 K up to $T_{\mathrm{C}}$ the presence of cycloidal, skyrmionic and ferromagnetic phases.

3.3. AC Susceptibility Measurements

To complement the data obtained from the d$M\left(H\right)$/dH curves, AC susceptibility measurements were performed using the ACMS II option of the PPMS system. The data were collected on a small pellet of $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ (obtained by pressing 10 mg of fine powder) that was glued with a thin layer of GE cryogenic varnish onto a low-background quartz sample holder. The measurements were performed with an AC magnetic field of 5 Oe amplitude in the temperature range 2–28 K, as a function of the applied DC magnetic field up to 2500 Oe. The real (${\chi }^{\prime }$) and imaginary (${\chi }^{″}$) AC susceptibility components as a function of magnetic field are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively.

Both the ${\chi }^{\prime }$ and ${\chi }^{″}$ components of the AC susceptibility curves are similar to the obtained dM/dH curves presented in Figure 5. The anomalies related to the magnetic phase transitions can be observed in such curves. The results of the measured curves are depicted in graphical form in Figure 8, obtained from the ${\chi }^{\prime }$ component of AC susceptibility, with the different magnetic phases represented, using the pm3d interpolation algorithm implemented in gnuplot [37]. The boundaries were determined from the ${\chi }^{″}$ component, superimposed on the colour map representing the values of ${\chi }^{\prime }(H,T)$.

Similar to the dM/dH map, presented in Figure 6, the magnetic phases can be depicted in the $(H,T)$ map of the AC susceptibility ${\chi }^{\prime }$ component and the phase boundaries determined from the ${\chi }^{″}$ component. From both the VSM and AC susceptibility measurements, the skyrmion phase was found to be present in a large temperature range, from to 2 K up to 27.5 K, where the ferromagnetic/paramagnetic transition occurs. From these data, we can conclude that in $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ the cycloidal and skyrmion regions span more extended temperature regions compared to those observed in other lacunar spinels.

4. Conclusions

In this work, we have accomplished the synthesis of high-purity $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ though a two-step chemical route similar to that used for the synthesis of $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4{\mathrm{S}}_8$. From both VSM $M\left(H\right)$ and AC susceptibility measurements, we have shown that the skyrmionic magnetic phase is stabilised under an applied magnetic field in a large temperature range, from 2 K up to $T_{\mathrm{C}}$, in a polycrystalline sample. These measurements do not show any anomaly that could be associated with the onset of a metastable orthorhombic phase, which has been suggested by synchrotron radiation studies to co-exist with the main, low-temperature, rhombohedral phase. This point, and the details of the magnetic structures and their evolution with the applied magnetic field, deserve to be further investigated by microscopic techniques such as neutron scattering.

Author Contributions

J.F.M.: synthesis, characterisation, physical property measurements, analysis of the results, investigation and writing. M.S.C.H.: physical property measurements, investigation and writing. J.A.P.: physical property measurements, analysis of the results, investigation, writing and funding. A.P.G.: investigation and writing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

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Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Effect of the Jahn–Teller transition on the molecular orbital diagrams of the [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] and [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] clusters of atoms.

Figure 2. XRD pattern for polycrystalline [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Figure 3. (a) SEM image and (b) EDS spectra for polycristalline [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Figure 4. (a) Magnetisation [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] curves in ZFC (zero-field cooling) and FC (field cooling) for polycrystalline [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] measured with [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] and (b) inverse magnetic susceptibility [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] curves calculated from the ZFC measurement for polycrystalline [Forumla omitted. See PDF.], measured with an applied magnetic field of 500 Oe. The arrows point to the magnetic ordering temperature, [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] and the Jahn–Teller transition, [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Figure 5. (a) [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] and (b) dM/dH curves obtained for [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Figure 6. Magnetic phase diagram obtained from the numerative dM/dH curves for [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Figure 7. (a) [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] and (b) [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] components of the AC magnetic susceptibility as function of the DC magnetic field, up to 2500 Oe, for temperatures between 2 K and 28 K. [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] = 5 Oe, f = 1000 Hz.

Figure 8. Magnetic phase diagram obtained from the [Forumla omitted. See PDF.] component of AC susceptibility measurements for [Forumla omitted. See PDF.].

Table 1

Crystallographic data (from the Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray data) for $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$. Space group $F\overline{4}3m$, $a=10.1770\left(1\right)$ Å. The $4a$ site occupancy for Ga was fixed to the nominal value during refinement.

Atomic Positions	x	y	z	Occupation
Ga ($4a$)	0	0	0	1
Mo ($16e$)	0.39925	0.39925	0.39925	0.928(8)
Se1 ($16e$)	0.63624	0.63624	0.63624	1.00(2)
Se2 ($16e$)	0.13655	0.13655	0.13655	0.95(2)

Table 2

Average composition of $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$ determined by EDS.

Compound	Ga	Mo	Se
$\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_4\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_8$	0.974 ± 0.005	4.2 ± 0.2	7.7 ± 0.2

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