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Abstract
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has two scientific objectives of cosmological focus: to probe the expansion rate of the universe, and to understand stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and their implications for early universe and particle physics, from the MeV to the Planck scale. However, the range of potential cosmological applications of gravitational-wave observations extends well beyond these two objectives. This publication presents a summary of the state of the art in LISA cosmology, theory and methods, and identifies new opportunities to use gravitational-wave observations by LISA to probe the universe.
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1 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France
2 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636)
3 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636); Queen Mary University of London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London, UK (GRID:grid.4868.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 1133)
4 Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Campo Grande, 376, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.164242.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 8484 6281)
5 Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853)
6 Utrecht University, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000000120346234)
7 The University of Texas at Austin, Theory Group, Department of Physics, Austin, USA (GRID:grid.89336.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9924)
8 Ariel University, Department of Physics, Ariel, Israel (GRID:grid.411434.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9824 6981); University of California, Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878); University of California, Department of Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878)
9 CEA Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.436939.2)
10 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.424810.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0467 2314); UPV/EHU, Department of Physics, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098)
11 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Grup de Física Teòrica, Departament de Física, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.7080.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 0625); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435462.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 5930 4594)
12 Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, Nice Cedex 4, France (GRID:grid.503124.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 3172)
13 Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.494564.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2291)
14 Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, USA (GRID:grid.254880.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2404)
15 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.254880.3); University of Geneva, Department of Theoretical Physics, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X)
16 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Milano (IASF-MI), Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.450005.4)
17 University of California, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Riverside, USA (GRID:grid.266097.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2222 1582)
18 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.116068.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2341 2786)
19 Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP225, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.4989.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2348 6355)
20 INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (GRID:grid.470200.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 4414)
21 Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988)
22 Theoretical Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111)
23 SISSA, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.5970.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9868); INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.470223.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 7175); IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.507762.1)
24 TRIUMF Theory Group, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.232474.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0705 9791); Durham University, Department of Physics, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham, UK (GRID:grid.8250.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 8700 0572)
25 University of Geneva, Department of Theoretical Physics, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154)
26 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, PL 64, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
27 Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.5395.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3729); INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.470216.6)
28 Physics Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.6451.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2110 2151)
29 The University of New South Wales, Sydney Consortium for Particle Physics and Cosmology, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432); University of Groningen, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981)
30 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Física, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (GRID:grid.8430.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4888)
31 The University of Chicago, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822); Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
32 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126)
33 University of Valencia-CSIC, Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
34 UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242)
35 Instituto de Astrofisíca e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e)
36 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126); Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
37 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126)
38 School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK (GRID:grid.4563.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8868)
39 The University of Chicago, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822)
40 Indian Institute of Science, Department of Physics, Bangalore, India (GRID:grid.34980.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 0482 5067)
41 University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201); King’s College London, University of London, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764)
42 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126); Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453)
43 CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.486497.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1803 484X)
44 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece (GRID:grid.4793.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0945 7005)
45 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453)
46 Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689)
47 Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw ul. Pasteura 5, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.12847.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1290)
48 Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Rehovot, Israel (GRID:grid.13992.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7563)
49 The University of New South Wales, Sydney Consortium for Particle Physics and Cosmology, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432)
50 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA (GRID:grid.17635.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8657)
51 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.17635.36)
52 University of Groningen, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981)
53 Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada (GRID:grid.420198.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8658 0851); University of Amsterdam, Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262); Leiden University, Institute Lorentz, Leiden, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5132.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2312 1970)
54 Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8)
55 Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway (GRID:grid.18883.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 9255)
56 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.5515.4); National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.8663.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0635 693X)
57 Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2)
58 Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.158820.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2611); INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832)
59 Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853); CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X)
60 LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890); California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890)
61 Texas Tech University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lubbock, USA (GRID:grid.264784.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 7496)
62 Centro Nazionale INFN di Studi Avanzati GGI, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.264784.b)
63 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.264784.b); School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia (GRID:grid.428923.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9489 2441)
64 Departamento de Física, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5690.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 2978)
65 King’s College London, University of London, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764)
66 CEICO, FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X)
67 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Munchen, Germany (GRID:grid.435824.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2375 0603)
68 CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X)
69 PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111)
70 Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.440361.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0489 067X); AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland (GRID:grid.9922.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9174 1488)
71 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Universität Hamburg, II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.9026.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 2617)
72 University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, Amherst, USA (GRID:grid.266683.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2166 5835)
73 Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.511330.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9783 1142); Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226)
74 Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam, Germany (GRID:grid.450243.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 4262)
75 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.450243.4)
76 Swansea University, Department of Physics, Swansea, UK (GRID:grid.4827.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0658 8800)
77 RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), Aachen, Germany (GRID:grid.1957.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 696X)
78 CEICO, FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X); Ben-Gurion University, Department of Physics, Be’er Sheva, Israel (GRID:grid.7489.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0511)
79 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.7489.2)
80 Università di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Napoli, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X)
81 Université Paris Saclay CEA, CNRS, Institut de physique théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.4444.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2112 9282)
82 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
83 Skidmore College, Department of Physics, Saratoga Springs, USA (GRID:grid.60094.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2270 6467)
84 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Pine and Kirk, Batavia, USA (GRID:grid.417851.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0675 0679)
85 TRIUMF Theory Group, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.232474.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0705 9791); University of Sussex, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Falmer, UK (GRID:grid.12082.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7590)
86 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226)
87 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Física, Juiz de Fora, Brazil (GRID:grid.411198.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2170 9332)
88 University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada (GRID:grid.47609.3c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9471 0214)
89 INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy (GRID:grid.436940.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 7237); OAVdA - Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region Valle d’Aosta, Nus, Italy (GRID:grid.436940.c)
90 Johns Hopkins University, The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Fisica Teorica and IPARCOS, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.4795.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 7667)
92 Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 8994)
93 Deptartment of Astronomy, Ithaca, USA (GRID:grid.4489.1)
94 School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (GRID:grid.4868.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 1133)
95 Instituto de Astrofisíca e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
96 Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981)
97 CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5333.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 9049)
98 University of Auckland, Department of Physics, Auckland, New Zealand (GRID:grid.9654.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 3343)
99 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, IPhU, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
100 Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.213917.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 4943)
101 Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
102 University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand (GRID:grid.21006.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 4063)
103 Institute for Gravitational Research & School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.8756.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 314X)
104 CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111)
105 Brown University, Department of Physics, Providence, USA (GRID:grid.40263.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9094); Brown University, Brown Theoretical Physics Centner, Providence, USA (GRID:grid.40263.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9094)
106 Ariel University, Department of Physics, Ariel, Israel (GRID:grid.411434.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9824 6981)
107 Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8729)
108 SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, Paris, France (GRID:grid.464088.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9482 2072)
109 The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435462.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 5930 4594)
110 Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.511330.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9783 1142); Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e)
111 University of Auckland, Department of Statistics, Auckland, New Zealand (GRID:grid.9654.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 3343)
112 UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263)
113 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2); Harvard University, Black Hole Initiative, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 754X)
114 University of California, Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878)
115 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.47840.3f); CEA Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.47840.3f)
116 Leiden University, Leiden Observatory, Leiden, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5132.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2312 1970)
117 University of Birmingham, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy & School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
118 High Energy Physics Group Blackett Laboratory, London, UK (GRID:grid.5477.1)
119 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Department of Physics, Alberta, Canada (GRID:grid.17089.37)
120 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
121 Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754)
122 Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (GRID:grid.450286.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 4897); Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435450.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1784 9780)
123 UPV/EHU, Department of Physics, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098)
124 Kuwait University, Department of Physics, Safat, Kuwait (GRID:grid.411196.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 1240 3921)
125 University College Dublin, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (GRID:grid.7886.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0768 2743)
126 The University of Tokyo, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, Kashiwa, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X)
127 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Astronomical Observatory, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.34555.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 8248)