Abstract

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has two scientific objectives of cosmological focus: to probe the expansion rate of the universe, and to understand stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds and their implications for early universe and particle physics, from the MeV to the Planck scale. However, the range of potential cosmological applications of gravitational-wave observations extends well beyond these two objectives. This publication presents a summary of the state of the art in LISA cosmology, theory and methods, and identifies new opportunities to use gravitational-wave observations by LISA to probe the universe.

Details

Title
Cosmology with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Author
Auclair, Pierre 1 ; Bacon, David 2 ; Baker, Tessa 3 ; Barreiro, Tiago 4 ; Bartolo, Nicola 5 ; Belgacem, Enis 6 ; Bellomo, Nicola 7 ; Ben-Dayan, Ido 8 ; Bertacca, Daniele 5 ; Besancon, Marc 9 ; Blanco-Pillado, Jose J. 10 ; Blas, Diego 11 ; Boileau, Guillaume 12 ; Calcagni, Gianluca 13 ; Caldwell, Robert 14 ; Caprini, Chiara 15 ; Carbone, Carmelita 16 ; Chang, Chia-Feng 17 ; Chen, Hsin-Yu 18 ; Christensen, Nelson 12 ; Clesse, Sebastien 19 ; Comelli, Denis 20 ; Congedo, Giuseppe 21 ; Contaldi, Carlo 22 ; Crisostomi, Marco 23 ; Croon, Djuna 24 ; Cui, Yanou 17 ; Cusin, Giulia 25 ; Cutting, Daniel 26 ; Dalang, Charles 25 ; De Luca, Valerio 25 ; Pozzo, Walter Del 27 ; Desjacques, Vincent 28 ; Dimastrogiovanni, Emanuela 29 ; Dorsch, Glauber C. 30 ; Ezquiaga, Jose Maria 31 ; Fasiello, Matteo 32 ; Figueroa, Daniel G. 33 ; Flauger, Raphael 34 ; Franciolini, Gabriele 25 ; Frusciante, Noemi 35 ; Fumagalli, Jacopo 36 ; García-Bellido, Juan 37 ; Gould, Oliver 38 ; Holz, Daniel 39 ; Iacconi, Laura 2 ; Jain, Rajeev Kumar 40 ; Jenkins, Alexander C. 41 ; Jinno, Ryusuke 42 ; Joana, Cristian 43 ; Karnesis, Nikolaos 44 ; Konstandin, Thomas 45 ; Koyama, Kazuya 2 ; Kozaczuk, Jonathan 34 ; Kuroyanagi, Sachiko 37 ; Laghi, Danny 46 ; Lewicki, Marek 47 ; Lombriser, Lucas 25 ; Madge, Eric 48 ; Maggiore, Michele 25 ; Malhotra, Ameek 49 ; Mancarella, Michele 25 ; Mandic, Vuk 50 ; Mangiagli, Alberto 51 ; Matarrese, Sabino 5 ; Mazumdar, Anupam 52 ; Mukherjee, Suvodip 53 ; Musco, Ilia 54 ; Nardini, Germano 55   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; No, Jose Miguel 37 ; Papanikolaou, Theodoros 56 ; Peloso, Marco 57 ; Pieroni, Mauro 22 ; Pilo, Luigi 58 ; Raccanelli, Alvise 59 ; Renaux-Petel, Sébastien 35 ; Renzini, Arianna I. 60 ; Ricciardone, Angelo 57 ; Riotto, Antonio 25 ; Romano, Joseph D. 61 ; Rollo, Rocco 62 ; Pol, Alberto Roper 63 ; Morales, Ester Ruiz 64 ; Sakellariadou, Mairi 65 ; Saltas, Ippocratis D. 66 ; Scalisi, Marco 67 ; Schmitz, Kai 68 ; Schwaller, Pedro 69 ; Sergijenko, Olga 70 ; Servant, Geraldine 71 ; Simakachorn, Peera 71 ; Sorbo, Lorenzo 72 ; Sousa, Lara 73 ; Speri, Lorenzo 74 ; Steer, Danièle A. 75 ; Tamanini, Nicola 46 ; Tasinato, Gianmassimo 76 ; Torrado, Jesús 77 ; Unal, Caner 78 ; Vennin, Vincent 79 ; Vernieri, Daniele 80 ; Vernizzi, Filippo 81 ; Volonteri, Marta 82 ; Wachter, Jeremy M. 83 ; Wands, David 2 ; Witkowski, Lukas T. 82 ; Zumalacárregui, Miguel 74 ; Annis, James 84 ; Ares, Fëanor Reuben 85 ; Avelino, Pedro P. 86 ; Avgoustidis, Anastasios 38 ; Barausse, Enrico 23 ; Bonilla, Alexander 87 ; Bonvin, Camille 25 ; Bosso, Pasquale 88 ; Calabrese, Matteo 89 ; Çalışkan, Mesut 90 ; Cembranos, Jose A. R. 91 ; Chala, Mikael 92 ; Chernoff, David 93 ; Clough, Katy 94 ; Criswell, Alexander 50 ; Das, Saurya 88 ; Silva, Antonio da 95 ; Dayal, Pratika 96 ; Domcke, Valerie 97 ; Durrer, Ruth 25 ; Easther, Richard 98 ; Escoffier, Stephanie 99 ; Ferrans, Sandrine 100 ; Fryer, Chris 101 ; Gair, Jonathan 74 ; Gordon, Chris 102 ; Hendry, Martin 103 ; Hindmarsh, Mark 26 ; Hooper, Deanna C. 26 ; Kajfasz, Eric 99 ; Kopp, Joachim 104 ; Koushiappas, Savvas M. 105 ; Kumar, Utkarsh 106 ; Kunz, Martin 25 ; Lagos, Macarena 107 ; Lilley, Marc 108 ; Lizarraga, Joanes 109 ; Lobo, Francisco S. N. 95 ; Maleknejad, Azadeh 68 ; Martins, C. J. A. P. 110 ; Meerburg, P. Daniel 52 ; Meyer, Renate 111 ; Mimoso, José Pedro 112 ; Nesseris, Savvas 37 ; Nunes, Nelson 35 ; Oikonomou, Vasilis 44 ; Orlando, Giorgio 52 ; Özsoy, Ogan 66 ; Pacucci, Fabio 113 ; Palmese, Antonella 114 ; Petiteau, Antoine 115 ; Pinol, Lucas 37 ; Zwart, Simon Portegies 116 ; Pratten, Geraint 117 ; Prokopec, Tomislav 6 ; Quenby, John 118 ; Rastgoo, Saeed 119 ; Roest, Diederik 52 ; Rummukainen, Kari 26 ; Schimd, Carlo 120 ; Secroun, Aurélia 99 ; Sesana, Alberto 121 ; Sopuerta, Carlos F. 122 ; Tereno, Ismael 35 ; Tolley, Andrew 22 ; Urrestilla, Jon 123 ; Vagenas, Elias C. 124 ; van de Vis, Jorinde 65 ; van de Weygaert, Rien 114 ; Wardell, Barry 125 ; Weir, David J. 26 ; White, Graham 126 ; Świeżewska, Bogumiła 47 ; Zhdanov, Valery I. 127 

 Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France 
 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636) 
 University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636); Queen Mary University of London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London, UK (GRID:grid.4868.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 1133) 
 Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Campo Grande, 376, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.164242.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 8484 6281) 
 Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853) 
 Utrecht University, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5477.1) (ISNI:0000000120346234) 
 The University of Texas at Austin, Theory Group, Department of Physics, Austin, USA (GRID:grid.89336.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9924) 
 Ariel University, Department of Physics, Ariel, Israel (GRID:grid.411434.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9824 6981); University of California, Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878); University of California, Department of Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878) 
 CEA Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.436939.2) 
10  IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.424810.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0467 2314); UPV/EHU, Department of Physics, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098) 
11  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Grup de Física Teòrica, Departament de Física, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.7080.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2296 0625); The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435462.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 5930 4594) 
12  Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, Nice Cedex 4, France (GRID:grid.503124.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 3172) 
13  Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.494564.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2291) 
14  Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, USA (GRID:grid.254880.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2404) 
15  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.254880.3); University of Geneva, Department of Theoretical Physics, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X) 
16  INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica cosmica di Milano (IASF-MI), Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.450005.4) 
17  University of California, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Riverside, USA (GRID:grid.266097.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2222 1582) 
18  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.116068.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2341 2786) 
19  Service de Physique Théorique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP225, Brussels, Belgium (GRID:grid.4989.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2348 6355) 
20  INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (GRID:grid.470200.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1765 4414) 
21  Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (GRID:grid.4305.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7988) 
22  Theoretical Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111) 
23  SISSA, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.5970.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9868); INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.470223.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 7175); IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.507762.1) 
24  TRIUMF Theory Group, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.232474.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0705 9791); Durham University, Department of Physics, Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Durham, UK (GRID:grid.8250.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 8700 0572) 
25  University of Geneva, Department of Theoretical Physics, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154) 
26  University of Helsinki, Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, PL 64, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071) 
27  Università di Pisa, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.5395.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3729); INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.470216.6) 
28  Physics Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel (GRID:grid.6451.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2110 2151) 
29  The University of New South Wales, Sydney Consortium for Particle Physics and Cosmology, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432); University of Groningen, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981) 
30  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Física, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (GRID:grid.8430.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4888) 
31  The University of Chicago, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822); Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X) 
32  University of Portsmouth, Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Portsmouth, UK (GRID:grid.4701.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 6636); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126) 
33  University of Valencia-CSIC, Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X) 
34  UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242) 
35  Instituto de Astrofisíca e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e) 
36  Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126); Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249) 
37  Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126) 
38  School of Physics and Astronomy, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK (GRID:grid.4563.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8868) 
39  The University of Chicago, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, USA (GRID:grid.170205.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7822) 
40  Indian Institute of Science, Department of Physics, Bangalore, India (GRID:grid.34980.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 0482 5067) 
41  University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201); King’s College London, University of London, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
42  Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Física Teórica UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5515.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1957 8126); Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
43  CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.486497.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 1803 484X) 
44  Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece (GRID:grid.4793.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0945 7005) 
45  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453) 
46  Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689) 
47  Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw ul. Pasteura 5, Warsaw, Poland (GRID:grid.12847.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1290) 
48  Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Rehovot, Israel (GRID:grid.13992.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 7563) 
49  The University of New South Wales, Sydney Consortium for Particle Physics and Cosmology, School of Physics, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432) 
50  School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA (GRID:grid.17635.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8657) 
51  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.17635.36) 
52  University of Groningen, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981) 
53  Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada (GRID:grid.420198.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8658 0851); University of Amsterdam, Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262); Leiden University, Institute Lorentz, Leiden, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5132.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2312 1970) 
54  Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8) 
55  Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway (GRID:grid.18883.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 9255) 
56  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.5515.4); National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymfon, Athens, Greece (GRID:grid.8663.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0635 693X) 
57  Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2) 
58  Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.158820.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2611); INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
59  Università degli Studi di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853); CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X) 
60  LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890); California Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890) 
61  Texas Tech University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lubbock, USA (GRID:grid.264784.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 7496) 
62  Centro Nazionale INFN di Studi Avanzati GGI, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.264784.b) 
63  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.264784.b); School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia (GRID:grid.428923.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9489 2441) 
64  Departamento de Física, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.5690.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 2978) 
65  King’s College London, University of London, Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology Group, Physics Department, London, UK (GRID:grid.13097.3c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 6764) 
66  CEICO, FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X) 
67  Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), Munchen, Germany (GRID:grid.435824.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2375 0603) 
68  CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X) 
69  PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111) 
70  Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.440361.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0489 067X); AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland (GRID:grid.9922.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9174 1488) 
71  Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.7683.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 0453); Universität Hamburg, II. Institute of Theoretical Physics, Hamburg, Germany (GRID:grid.9026.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 2617) 
72  University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions, Department of Physics, Amherst, USA (GRID:grid.266683.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2166 5835) 
73  Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.511330.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9783 1142); Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226) 
74  Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam, Germany (GRID:grid.450243.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 4262) 
75  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.450243.4) 
76  Swansea University, Department of Physics, Swansea, UK (GRID:grid.4827.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0658 8800) 
77  RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), Aachen, Germany (GRID:grid.1957.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0728 696X) 
78  CEICO, FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X); Ben-Gurion University, Department of Physics, Be’er Sheva, Israel (GRID:grid.7489.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0511) 
79  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.7489.2) 
80  Università di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Napoli, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X) 
81  Université Paris Saclay CEA, CNRS, Institut de physique théorique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.4444.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2112 9282) 
82  Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, GReCO, UMR 7095 du CNRS et de Sorbonne Université, 98bis boulevard Arago, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249) 
83  Skidmore College, Department of Physics, Saratoga Springs, USA (GRID:grid.60094.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2270 6467) 
84  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Pine and Kirk, Batavia, USA (GRID:grid.417851.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0675 0679) 
85  TRIUMF Theory Group, Vancouver, Canada (GRID:grid.232474.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0705 9791); University of Sussex, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Falmer, UK (GRID:grid.12082.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7590) 
86  Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.5808.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 1503 7226) 
87  Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Física, Juiz de Fora, Brazil (GRID:grid.411198.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2170 9332) 
88  University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada (GRID:grid.47609.3c) (ISNI:0000 0000 9471 0214) 
89  INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy (GRID:grid.436940.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 7237); OAVdA - Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region Valle d’Aosta, Nus, Italy (GRID:grid.436940.c) 
90  Johns Hopkins University, The William H. Miller III Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311) 
91  Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Fisica Teorica and IPARCOS, Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.4795.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2157 7667) 
92  Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.4489.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 8994) 
93  Deptartment of Astronomy, Ithaca, USA (GRID:grid.4489.1) 
94  School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK (GRID:grid.4868.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 1133) 
95  Instituto de Astrofisíca e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e); Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263) 
96  Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981) 
97  CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5333.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2183 9049) 
98  University of Auckland, Department of Physics, Auckland, New Zealand (GRID:grid.9654.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 3343) 
99  Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, IPhU, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817) 
100  Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.213917.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 4943) 
101  Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079) 
102  University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand (GRID:grid.21006.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 4063) 
103  Institute for Gravitational Research & School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.8756.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 314X) 
104  CERN, Theoretical Physics Department, Geneva 23, Switzerland (GRID:grid.9132.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 142X); PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence & Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany (GRID:grid.5802.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 7111) 
105  Brown University, Department of Physics, Providence, USA (GRID:grid.40263.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9094); Brown University, Brown Theoretical Physics Centner, Providence, USA (GRID:grid.40263.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9094) 
106  Ariel University, Department of Physics, Ariel, Israel (GRID:grid.411434.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9824 6981) 
107  Columbia University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8729) 
108  SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, Paris, France (GRID:grid.464088.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 9482 2072) 
109  The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435462.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 5930 4594) 
110  Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.511330.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9783 1142); Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, CAUP, Porto, Portugal (GRID:grid.473608.e) 
111  University of Auckland, Department of Statistics, Auckland, New Zealand (GRID:grid.9654.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 3343) 
112  UC San Diego, La Jolla, USA (GRID:grid.266100.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2107 4242); Universidade de Lisboa, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Lisbon, Portugal (GRID:grid.9983.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 4263) 
113  Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2); Harvard University, Black Hole Initiative, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 754X) 
114  University of California, Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878) 
115  Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.47840.3f); CEA Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.47840.3f) 
116  Leiden University, Leiden Observatory, Leiden, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5132.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2312 1970) 
117  University of Birmingham, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy & School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486) 
118  High Energy Physics Group Blackett Laboratory, London, UK (GRID:grid.5477.1) 
119  University of Alberta, Edmonton, Department of Physics, Alberta, Canada (GRID:grid.17089.37) 
120  Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817) 
121  Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754) 
122  Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (GRID:grid.450286.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 4897); Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435450.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1784 9780) 
123  UPV/EHU, Department of Physics, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.11480.3c) (ISNI:0000000121671098) 
124  Kuwait University, Department of Physics, Safat, Kuwait (GRID:grid.411196.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 1240 3921) 
125  University College Dublin, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (GRID:grid.7886.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 0768 2743) 
126  The University of Tokyo, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, Kashiwa, Japan (GRID:grid.26999.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 536X) 
127  Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Astronomical Observatory, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.34555.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 0385 8248) 
Pages
5
Publication year
2023
Publication date
Dec 2023
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
ISSN
23673613
e-ISSN
14338351
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2858090055
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.