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Cotton (Gossypium hirstutum L.) production in the semi-arid southwest is faced with a multitude of challenges, including fiber quality, fertility, and water deficit in non-irrigated production. Therefore studies were conducted from 2018 to 2021 to evaluate the effects of trichome density and cotton leaf shape on cotton fiber quality in organic cotton production; evaluate nutrient uptake and partitioning under various soil applied fertility programs; determine impact of foliar fertilizers on nutrient uptake and cotton performance; and impacts of cover crop management in a dryland cotton system. Cotton cultivars with increased trichome density resulted in greater leaf grades regardless of leaf shape. Cotton leaf shape had minimal effects upon fiber quality and quality reduction was due to increased trichome densities. Differing soil applied fertilizers had no impact on plant uptake at the peak bloom sample timing, although a large portion of nutrients was contained in leaf and fruit structures. Nutrient uptake at maturity were different compared from the control that received zero fertilizer inputs at planting. Cotton lint yield and fiber quality were not affected by varying fertility levels. Dry matter production was increased at peak bloom with the utilization of foliar fertilizers as well as increases in plant uptake of micronutrients. Several foliar nutrients impacted plant uptake at maturity, as increased uptake was observed at the Oklahoma locations. Although, foliar fertilizers had no impact on cotton yield or fiber quality across all locations evaluated. Wheat produced greater biomass compared to barley across termination timings. Early terminated wheat and late terminated cover species resulted in the greatest moisture at planting in 2021 at a depth of 0.3 meters. Cotton growth was increased in early terminated treatments in 2020, while late terminated treatments provided increased growth in 2021. Cotton lint yields were decreased in late terminated treatments compared to early termination and fallow no till treatment.