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Abstract
Diet modulates the genetic risk of obesity, but the modulation has been rarely studied using genetic risk scores (GRSs) in children. Our objectives were to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that drive the interaction of specific foods with obesity and combine these into GRSs. Genetic and food frequency data from Finnish Health in Teens study was utilized. In total, 1142 11-year-old subjects were genotyped on the Metabochip array. BMI-GRS with 30 well-known SNPs was computed and the interaction of individual SNPs with food items and their summary dietary scores were examined in relation to age- and sex-specific BMI z-score (BMIz). The whole BMI-GRS interacted with several foods on BMIz. We identified 7–11 SNPs responsible for each interaction and these were combined into food-specific GRS. The most predominant interaction was witnessed for pizza (p < 0.001): the effect on BMIz was b − 0.130 (95% CI − 0.23; − 0.031) in those with low-risk, and 0.153 (95% CI 0.072; 0.234) in high-risk. Corresponding, but weaker interactions were verified for sweets and chocolate, sugary juice drink, and hamburger and hotdog. In total 5 SNPs close to genes NEGR1, SEC16B, TMEM18, GNPDA2, and FTO were shared between these interactions. Our results suggested that children genetically prone to obesity showed a stronger association of unhealthy foods with BMIz than those with lower genetic susceptibility. Shared SNPs of the interactions suggest common differences in metabolic gene-diet interactions, which warrants further investigation.
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1 Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.428673.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0409 6302); University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
2 University of Valencia, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X); CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain (GRID:grid.484042.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 5930 4615)
3 Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.428673.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0409 6302); University of Helsinki, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071); University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)