Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), in combination with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), is an essential therapy for symptomatic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and prolonged QRS duration of left bundle branch block-type morphology in both ischemic and non-ischemic etiologies.1–4 There is no doubt for cardiologists to apply CRT with a defibrillator (CRT-D) in such patients who had sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). On the other hand, the application and outcome may differ between ischemic and non-ischemic patients for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death, because reverse structural left ventricular remodeling occurred more favorably in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, whereas a defibrillator back-up appeared to be more effective in ischemic cardiomyopathy.5–9 In this regard, we aimed to perform a panoramic study to clarify the temporal trend, characteristic and outcome of non-ischemic versus ischemic CRT-D recipients in primary and secondary prevention cohorts by analyzing the Japan Cardiac Device Treatment Registry (JCDTR) database.
METHODS Study populationThe JCDTR was established in 2006 by the Japanese Heart Rhythm Society (JHRS) for a survey of actual conditions in patients undergoing de novo implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) including implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)/cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT-D)/cardiac resynchronization therapy with a pacemaker (CRT-P) (
For the analysis of the annual trend, the data of implantation date from 2011 to 2017 and those from 2018 to 2020 were obtained from the JCDTR and New JCDTR, respectively. We also analyzed the characteristics and outcome of consecutive 906 CRT-D patients whose implantation date was from January 2011 to August 2015 and whose follow-up data were available as of September 16, 2015.
Device programmingIn general, device programming was as follows. The VF zone detected ventricular events faster than 185–200 beats/min with at least one train of anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) before shock, and the VT zone detected ventricular events faster than 150–170 beats/min with at least three trains of ATP before shock. After the multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial – reduce inappropriate therapy (MADIT-RIT) trial was published in 2012,14 the VF zone ≧ 200–250 beats/min with ATP plus shock and VT zone ≧ 170 beats/min with delayed therapy (a 60 s delay) or only monitoring were recommended. The discrimination algorithms were used at the physician's discretion.
OutcomeThe analyzed events were (a) death from any cause, (b) appropriate and (c) inappropriate ICD therapy. Appropriate ICD therapy was defined as an anti-tachycardia pacing or shock for tachyarrhythmia determined to be either ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). The diagnosis was made by attending physicians.
Statistical analysisAll data are expressed as mean ± SD. Simple between-group analysis was conducted using Student's t-test. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to estimate event-free outcomes in the study groups with comparison using the log-rank test. Hazard ratios were computed with a multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression model after adjusting for confounding factors including age, gender, LVEF, and NYHA class. All reliable variables associated with appropriate ICD therapy (p < .10) were entered into a multivariable model using forward stepwise regression analysis. Differences with p < .05 were considered significant. Statview version 5.0 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc.) or R software ver.3.6.3 (
The database had data of 8062 patients, 1781 patients, and 14,769 patients who underwent de novo implantations of CRT-D, CRT-P, and ICD (including S-ICD after February, 2016) from January 2011 to December 2020.
Proportion of primary prevention CRT-D implantations was 70.1 ± 2.1% overall, and there was no significant difference with regard to the temporal trend (p = .077). Proportion of the non-ischemic etiology was 72.8 ± 2.1% in the primary prevention group and 63.4 ± 2.5% in the secondary prevention group. Similarly, the temporal trend was not apparent (p = .21 for primary prevention; p = .80 for secondary prevention). Difference in the etiology of CRT-D implantations between primary and secondary prevention groups was significant (p < .0001). There was a significant increase in the proportion of CRT-P implantations (p < .0001), which was 24.5% of all CRT implantations in 2020 (Figure 1A).
Enlarge this image.FIGURE 1. Annual trend in CRT-D/ICD implantation stratified by indication. The absolute number of primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death is given by blue bar and orange bar for (A) CRT-D and (B) ICD. The number of CRT-P (A) and S-ICD (B) implantation is also shown. Blue line indicates the proportion of primary prevention. Yellow and orange lines indicate the proportion of the primary and secondary prevention in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, respectively. Gray line indicates the proportion of CRT-P implantation among all CRT devices (A) and S-ICD implantation among all ICD devices (B). CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy with a pacemaker; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Non-isch, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy; Primary, primary prevention of sudden cardiac death; Secondary, secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death; S-ICD, subcutaneous ICD.
Proportion of primary prevention ICD implantations was 26.7 ± 2.3% overall and there was a significant increase especially in recent years (p < .0001). Proportion of the non-ischemic etiology was 72.0 ± 3.6% in the primary prevention group and 60.4 ± 2.0% in the secondary prevention group. There was a slight increase in the proportion of the non-ischemic etiology in the primary prevention group (p = .012), but no apparent change in that of the secondary prevention group (p = .091). Difference in the etiology of ICD implantations between primary and secondary prevention groups was significant (p < .0001). There was a significant increase in proportion of S-ICD implantations (p < .0001), which was 24.5% of all ICD implantations in 2020 (Figure 1B).
Patient characteristicsAmong 906 CRT-D patients from January 2011 to August 2015, 620 patients (68%) and 286 patients (32%) were implanted for primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Younger age, less male predominance, higher history of non-sustained VT, and less comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) were observed in non-ischemic patients of the primary prevention group as compared to ischemic patients. In contrast, with regard to age and history of non-sustained VT, there was no difference between non-ischemic and ischemic patients of the secondary prevention group. There was no difference in LVEF, QRS duration, presence of atrial fibrillation and the level of BNP between the two etiologies of the primary and secondary prevention groups. Distribution of the NYHA class was not different between the two etiologies of the primary prevention group, but less severe in the non-ischemic patients of the secondary prevention group. The level of hemoglobin was higher and that of creatinine was lower in the non-ischemic than ischemic patients of both the primary and secondary prevention groups (Table 1).
TABLE 1 Characteristics of the patients.
| Primary prevention (n = 620) | Secondary prevention (n = 286) | |||||
| Non-ischemic (n = 447) | Ischemic (n = 173) | p Value | Non-ischemic (n = 182) | Ischemic (n = 104) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 65.5 ± 11.5 | 70.1 ± 9.7 | <.0001 | 65.3 ± 11.8 | 67.2 ± 9.7 | .17 |
| Male | 317 (70.7) | 159 (91.9) | <.0001 | 122 (67.0) | 91 (87.5) | .0001 |
| LVEF (%) | 26.5 ± 9.5 | 26.5 ± 7.5 | .99 | 29.3 ± 11.4 | 28.5 ± 9.3 | .54 |
| NYHA class | .44 | <.0001 | ||||
| I | 7 (1.6) | 1 (0.6) | 20 (11.0) | 9 (8.7) | ||
| II | 117 (26.2) | 48 (27.7) | 70 (38.5) | 32 (30.8) | ||
| III | 281 (62.9) | 102 (59.0) | 78 (42.9) | 48 (46.2) | ||
| IV | 42 (9.4) | 22 (12.7) | 14 (7.7) | 15 (14.4) | ||
| Heart rate (/min) | 71.6 ± 17.9 | 69.8 ± 15.3 | .23 | 67.6 ± 15.4 | 70.3 ± 16.9 | .17 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 153.2 ± 31.7 | 154.2 ± 28.1 | .70 | 152.5 ± 35.0 | 145.9 ± 31.4 | .11 |
| QT interval (ms) | 455.2 ± 55.5 | 455.5 ± 55.3 | .95 | 460.7 ± 55.6 | 456.8 ± 54.9 | .57 |
| Cardiothoracic ratio (%) | 59.4 ± 6.6 | 58.2 ± 6.0 | .037 | 59.3 ± 6.9 | 57.2 ± 6.8 | .016 |
| Atrial lead | .09 | .0003 | ||||
| Absent | 73 (16.3) | 19 (11.0) | 25 (13.7) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Present | 374 (83.7) | 154 (89.0) | 157 (86.3) | 103 (99.0) | ||
| NSVTa | 142 (71.4) | 37 (52.9) | .005 | 36 (63.2) | 24 (64.9) | .86 |
| AF | 60 (13.4) | 22 (12.7) | .82 | 17 (9.3) | 11 (10.6) | .74 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 111 (24.8) | 84 (48.6) | <.0001 | 41 (22.5) | 45 (43.3) | .0002 |
| Hypertension | 148 (33.1) | 94 (54.3) | <.0001 | 68 (37.4) | 55 (52.9) | .011 |
| Dyslipidemia | 98 (21.9) | 88 (50.9) | <.0001 | 39 (21.4) | 46 (44.2) | <.0001 |
| Hyperuricemia | 87 (19.5) | 40 (23.1) | .31 | 27 (14.8) | 18 (17.3) | .58 |
| Cerebral infarction | 28 (6.3) | 16 (9.2) | .19 | 9 (4.9) | 8 (7.7) | .34 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 9 (2.0) | 10 (5.8) | .015 | 2 (1.1) | 6 (5.8) | .021 |
| BNP (pg/mL)b | 806 ± 1461 | 715 ± 862 | .48 | 560 ± 661 | 1105 ± 4180 | .12 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL)c | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 2.2 | .0003 | 13.0 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 2.1 | .0007 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)d | 1.38 ± 1.49 | 1.74 ± 1.42 | .007 | 1.1 ± 1.48 | 1.42 ± 1.59 | .001 |
Note: Values are means ± SD, or number (%).
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.
aInformation about the presence or absence of NSVT was available in 199 non-ischemic and 70 ischemic patients with primary prevention and 57 non-ischemic and 37 ischemic patients with secondary prevention.
bThe value of BNP was missed in 45 non-ischemic and 33 ischemic patients with primary prevention and 22 non-ischemic and 16 ischemic patients with secondary prevention.
cThe value of hemoglobin was missed in two non-ischemic and one ischemic patients with primary prevention and three non-ischemic and three ischemic patients with secondary prevention.
dThe value of creatinine was missed in five non-ischemic and one ischemic patients with primary prevention and six non-ischemic and three ischemic patients with secondary prevention.
Regarding pharmacological therapy, there was no difference in the use of beta blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and class III anti-arrhythmic drug between the non-ischemic and ischemic patients in both primary and secondary prevention groups. The rate of having nitrates, statins, and antiplatelet drugs was lower in the non-ischemic than ischemic patients of the primary and secondary prevention groups (Table 2).
TABLE 2 Pharmacological therapy.
| Primary prevention (n = 620) | Secondary prevention (n = 286) | |||||
| Non-ischemic (n = 447) | Ischemic (n = 173) | p Value | Non-ischemic (n = 182) | Ischemic (n = 104) | p Value | |
| Ia | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | .54 | 5 (2.7) | 1 (1.0) | .31 |
| Ib | 9 (2.0) | 5 (2.9) | .51 | 5 (2.7) | 7 (6.7) | .11 |
| Ic | 2 (0.4) | 3 (1.7) | .11 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | .45 |
| Beta blockers | 349 (78.1) | 128 (74.0) | .28 | 135 (74.2) | 79 (76.0) | .74 |
| III | 135 (30.2) | 64 (37.0) | .10 | 117 (64.3) | 72 (69.2) | .40 |
| Ca2+ antagonists | 32 (7.2) | 21 (12.1) | .047 | 14 (7.7) | 14 (13.5) | .11 |
| Digitalis | 63 (14.1) | 20 (11.6) | .41 | 22 (12.1) | 6 (5.8) | .08 |
| Diuretics | 355 (79.4) | 144 (83.2) | .28 | 131 (72.0) | 73 (70.2) | .75 |
| ACEI/ARB | 300 (67.1) | 113 (65.3) | .67 | 125 (68.7) | 63 (60.6) | .16 |
| MRA | 204 (45.6) | 73 (42.2) | .44 | 64 (35.2) | 35 (33.7) | .80 |
| Nitrates | 31 (6.9) | 42 (24.3) | <.0001 | 7 (3.8) | 16 (15.4) | .0006 |
| Statins | 95 (21.3) | 97 (56.1) | <.0001 | 49 (26.9) | 54 (51.9) | <.0001 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 243 (54.4) | 82 (47.4) | .12 | 102 (56.0) | 47 (45.2) | .08 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 94 (21.0) | 147 (85.0) | <.0001 | 34 (18.7) | 87 (83.7) | <.0001 |
Note: Data are given as numbers (%). Ia, Ib, Ic, and III indicate the class Ia, Ib, Ic, and III antiarrhythmic drug, respectively.
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
OutcomesAppropriate ICD therapy occurred more frequently in 85 of 447 non-ischemic patients (19.0%) versus 20 of 173 ischemic patients (11.6%) of the primary prevention group during a mean follow-up period of 21 ± 12 months. The rate was 11.9% at 1 year and 21.2% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients, and 6.8% at 1 year and 13.6% at 2 year in the ischemic patients (p = .049). There was no significant difference with regard to the incidence of appropriate ICD therapy between non-ischemic (53 of 182, 29.1%) and ischemic (24 of 104, 23.1%) patients of the secondary prevention group. The rate was 23.6% at 1 year and 33.3% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients, and 14.0% at 1 year and 29.0% at 2 year in the ischemic patients (p = .24).
Inappropriate ICD therapy similarly occurred in 29 of 447 non-ischemic patients (6.4%) and 8 of 173 ischemic patients (4.6%) of the primary prevention group. The rate was 4.6% at 1 year and 7.4% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients, and 2.6% at 1 year and 3.6% at 2 year in the ischemic patients (p = .51). In the secondary prevention group, the incidence of inappropriate ICD therapy was higher in ischemic (9 of 104, 8.7%) than non-ischemic (6 of 182, 3.3%) patients. The rate was 6.1% at 1 year and 7.8% at 2 year in the ischemic patients, and 3.0% at 1 year and 3.0% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients (p = .041).
Death from any cause occurred less frequently in 72 of 447 non-ischemic patients (16.1%) versus 42 of 173 ischemic patients (24.2%) of the primary prevention group. The rate was 9.9% at 1 year and 16.1% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients, and 13.3% at 1 year and 23.6% at 2 year in the ischemic patients (p = .0088). There was no significant difference with regard to the incidence of death between non-ischemic (35 of 182, 19.2%) and ischemic (18 of 104, 17.3%) patients of the secondary prevention group. The rate was 12.6% at 1 year and 20.8% at 2 year in the non-ischemic patients, and 10.6% at 1 year and 20.8% at 2 year in the ischemic patients (p = .72).
An adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for appropriate ICD therapy and death from any cause was 1.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–2.75; p = .047] and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.44–0.99; p = .046) respectively, in non-ischemic patients when compared with ischemic patients of primary prevention group (Table 3).
TABLE 3 Hazard ratios for events in non-ischemic versus ischemic patients implanted with a CRT-D.
| Primary prevention | Secondary prevention | |||||
| Events | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p Value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | p Value |
| Appropriate ICD therapy | ||||||
| Unadjusted analysis | 1.62 | 0.99–2.64 | .052 | 1.33 | 0.82–2.16 | .24 |
| Adjusted analysis | 1.66 | 1.01–2.75 | .047 | 1.51 | 0.92–2.49 | .10 |
| Inappropriate ICD therapy | ||||||
| Unadjusted analysis | 1.30 | 0.59–2.85 | .51 | 0.35 | 0.12–1.00 | .051 |
| Adjusted analysis | 1.17 | 0.52–2.65 | .69 | 0.34 | 0.11–1.02 | .056 |
| Death from any cause | ||||||
| Unadjusted analysis | 0.60 | 0.41–0.88 | .0096 | 1.10 | 0.62–1.95 | .72 |
| Adjusted analysis | 0.66 | 0.44–0.99 | .046 | 1.34 | 0.74–2.43 | .32 |
Note: Models were adjusted for the following covariates: age at enrollment, gender, LVEF, and NYHA class.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
Factors associated with appropriate ICD therapyUnivariate variables (p < .10) associated with appropriate ICD therapy were secondary prevention, non-ischemic etiology, LVEF > 35%, NYHA class I–II, QRS width < 150 ms, performing electrophysiological study (EPS), class III antiarrhythmic drugs, and absence of ACEI/ARB. In multivariate analysis, significant variables were secondary prevention (HR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.36–2.48; p < .0001), non-ischemic etiology (HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.06–2.11; p = .022), LVEF > 35% (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.04–2.17; p = .031), QRS width < 150 ms (HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.01–1.81; p = .045), and absence of ACEI/ARB (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.12–2.03; p = .0065).
Induction rate of VT/VF by Electrophysiologic study and ICD therapyAmong 125 patients (of 906 CRT-D patients; 14%) who underwent electrophysiologic study (EPS), sustained VT or VF (VT/VF) was induced in 71 patients (57%). The induction rate was higher in patients with secondary prevention compared to primary prevention (45%, 29 of 64 primary prevention vs. 69%, 42 of 61 secondary prevention patients, p = .0079). On the other hand, there was no significant difference with regard to the induction rate between non-ischemic (53%, 44 of 83) and ischemic (64%, 27 of 42) patients. Appropriate ICD therapy occurred in 35% of patients (25 of 71) with VT/VF induction versus 20% of patients (11 of 54) without VT/VF induction (HR: 1.94; 95% CI: 0.95–3.95; p = .067, on univariate Cox regression analysis). Inappropriate ICD therapy occurred in 8% of patients (6 of 71) with VT/VF induction versus 2% of patients (1 of 54) without VT/VF induction (HR: 5.10; 95% CI: 0.61–42.5; p = .13, on univariate Cox regression analysis). The detail is summarized in Table S1.
DISCUSSIONReverse remodeling in response to CRT occurred more favorably, whereas an ICD back-up appeared to be less necessary in non-ischemic versus ischemic patients in several studies from the United States of America and European countries.1 More recently, non-ischemic heart failure patients with LVEF ≦ 35% did not have any survival benefit from prophylactic ICDs and the effect of ICD implantation was independent of CRT status.15 On the other hand, the present study demonstrated that appropriate ICD therapy occurred more frequently in the primary prevention CRT-D patients of non-ischemic etiology with the lower rate of death from any cause than the patients of ischemic etiology. In this regard, the application of CRT-D for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in systolic heart failure patients appears to be appropriately performed in Japan.
Proportion of the non-ischemic etiology of primary prevention CRT-D implantations was about 70% in Japan, which was higher than that in the US and Europe.1 Despite an increasing trend of non-ischemic heart failure patients of aged ≥75 in Japan,13 there was no temporal change with regard to the proportion of the non-ischemic CRT-D patients for primary prevention. In contrast, the proportion of CRT-P implantations among all CRT devices is increasing (Figure 1A), which is likely due to the increased trend of CRT-P implantations in patients of aged ≥75. This was reported in our previous study.13 Our preference of CRT-P to CRT-D for the aged population may reasonably identify non-ischemic patients at risk of VT/VF,12,16 because there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between patients with CRT-D and CRT-P.16 These findings are reasoned by an observation that proportion of sudden death diminished progressively with advancing age.17 Additionally, an optimal age cutoff for ICD implantation for reducing all-cause mortality was 70 years old or less in the DANISH study.18
We previously reported that the inducibility of VT/VF by programmed ventricular stimulation was not a predictor of appropriate ICD therapy in heart failure patients with reduced LVEF (≦35%),19 which is in agreement with sub-analyses of the MUSST20 and MADIT-II.21 In the present study, we had performed EPS in 125 of 906 CRT-D recipients (14%), who had a higher risk of appropriate ICD therapy with a univariate analysis. On the other hand, the multivariate analysis did not identify performing EPS as the predictor, whereas secondary prevention, non-ischemic etiology, LVEF >35%, QRS width < 150 ms and no use of ACEI/ARB were significant risk factors for appropriate ICD therapy. These findings reinforce the evidence that EPS is not a suitable method to identify heart failure patients with reduced LVEF (≦35%) who are at risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
The severity of heart failure was not always correlated to sudden cardiac death and the defibrillator benefit,22,23 but was related to the mortality. The benefit of ICDs had an inverse correlation with the advancing NYHA class in ICD or CRT-D patients.24,25 Similarly, there was an inverse correlation between LVEF and the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, possibly contributing to the attenuation in the antiarrhythmic properties of CRT in mild heart failure patients with LVEF >30%.26 Additionally, patients with LVEF >35% are not usually candidates for CRT and those implanted with CRT-D may have any risks of malignant ventricular arrhythmias, which was judged by attending physicians. These observations and speculation may explain why LVEF >35% was one of significant predictors for appropriate ICD therapy.
Study limitationsThere are several limitations to be considered in this study. First, ischemic patients had more comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which is inevitable in nature. These variables were not adjusted for the outcome analyses in Table 3 because of a high degree of collinearity. Second, device programming for ventricular arrhythmias was left on the discretion of attending physicians. However, participants in this cohort study have a certificate of Heart Failure Treatment with ICD and Cardiac Pacing endowed by the JHRS and Japanese Heart Failure Society (JHFS) and would be familiar with contemporary programming. Third, information regarding the presence or absence of non-sustained VT and atrial fibrillation, which is likely to affect outcomes,27 is not mandatory information for the registration in the JCDTR. Fourth, the JCDTR requested to register appropriate ICD therapy as an event, but it did not discriminate between anti-tachycardia pacing and shock.
CONCLUSIONSNon-ischemic CRT-D recipients for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death had a higher rate of appropriate ICD therapy and a lower rate of all-cause death as compared to ischemic CRT-D recipients in the JCDTR database. With regard to CRT-D recipients for secondary prevention, there was no difference in those outcomes between the non-ischemic and ischemic etiology. We appear to identify heart failure patients with prolonged QRS duration at risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmias appropriately, especially in those with non-ischemic etiology, which is predominant with a rate of about 70% in Japan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe thank all the members of the JHRS who registered data in the JCDTR and/or New JCDTR on a voluntary basis. As of January 14, 2022, 408 facilities have enrolled at least one patient in the JCDTR or New JCDTR. The list of facilities that enrolled more than 100 patients in the JCDTR or 50 patients in the New JCDTR (139 facilities in alphabetical order) is below.
Akita Medical Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Bellland General Hospital, Chiba University Hospital, Chubu Tokushukai Hospital, Dokkyo Medical University, Edogawa Hospital, Ehime University Hospital, Fujita Health University, Fukuoka Tokushukai Hospital, Fukushima Medical University, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu University, Gunma University, Hirosaki University, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokko Memorial Hospital, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Ichinomiyanishi Hospital, IMS Katsushika Heart Center, Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Itabashi Chuo Medical Center, JA Toyama Kouseiren Takaoka Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daini Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, JCHO Hokkaido Hospital, JCHO Kyushu Hospital, Jichi Medical University, Juntendo University, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kakogawa East City Hospital, Kameda Medical Center, Kanazawa Medical University, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Keio University, Kitano Hospital, Kitasato University, Kochi Health Science Center, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Komaki City Hospital, Kumamoto Red Cross Hospital, Kumamoto University, Kurashiki Chuo Hospital, Kyorin University, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto-Katsura Hospital, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Matsudo City Hospital, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Matsumoto Kyoritsu Hospital, Mie University, Mito Saiseikai General Hospital, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Nagasaki University, Nagoya Tokushukai General Hospital, Nagoya University, Nara Medical University, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital, National Hospital Organization Disaster Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization Shizuoka Medical Center, Nihon University, Nihonkai General Hospital, Niigata University, Nippon Medical University, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusou Hospital, Odawara Municipal Hospital, Oita University Hospital, Okayama University, Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka City University, Osaka Medical College, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka University, Osaki Hospital Tokyo Heart Center, Saga University Hospital, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Saiseikai Shimonoseki General Hospital, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Saitama Medical Center Jichi Medical University, Saitama Red Cross Hospital, Sakakibara Memorial Hospital, Saku Central Hospital, Sakurabashi Watanabe Hospital, Sapporo Cardiovascular Clinic, Sapporo City General Hospital, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Sendai Kosei Hospital, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shinshu University, Shizuoka municipal Hospital, Showa General Hospital, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, St. Luke's International Hospital, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama City Seibu Hospital, Subaru Health Insurance Society Ota Memorial Hospital, Suwa Red Cross Hospital, Takaishi Fujii Cardiovascular Hospital, Takeda Hospital, Tenri Hospital, The University of Tokyo, Toho University, Tokai University, Tokyo Medical And Dental University Medical Hospital, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tottori University, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Toyama University, Toyohashi Heart Center, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, University of Fukui, University of Miyazaki, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Tsukuba, Urasoe General Hospital, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata University, Yamaguchi University, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama Rosai Hospital.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENTAll authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study.
ETHICS STATEMENTThe JCDTR and New JCDTR were approved by the Ethics Committee of Sapporo City General Hospital on May 16, 2018 (Approval No.:H30-057-455).
CONSENT STATEMENTPatient consent has been obtained in an opt-out manner in Sapporo City General Hospital.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONThere is no clinical trial registration number regarding the JCDTR and New JCDTR.
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; Shimizu, Akihiko 2 ; Mitsuhashi, Takeshi 3
; Ishibashi, Kohei 4 ; Kabutoya, Tomoyuki 5
; Yoshiga, Yasuhiro 6 ; Kondo, Yusuke 7 ; Abe, Haruhiko 8 ; Shimizu, Wataru 9 1 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
2 UBE Kohsan Central Hospital, Ube, Japan
3 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hoshi General Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
4 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
5 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
6 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
7 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
8 Department of Heart Rhythm Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
9 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo City, Japan