How does congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis bring about early trunk tilt and coronal imbalance during curve progression: a radiographic analysis to dissect the mechanism of proximal takeoff phenomenon

Abstract

Purpose

To dissect the mechanism of how congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis (CTS) drive the occurrence of early trunk tilt, namely proximal takeoff phenomenon (PTO) during curve progression.

Methods

CTS patients were stratified into case and control groups according to the presence of PTO. The radiographic deformity parameters of head–neck–shoulder complex were measured and compared between the two groups. The main risk factors for PTO were identified through multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

16 CTS patients with PTO were recruited, and the non-PTO group consisted of 19 CTS patients without PTO. The average Cobb angle was 64.9 ± 19.8° in PTO group and 57.7 ± 21.9° in control group (p > 0.05). Significant difference could be observed for head shift, neck tilt, trunk inclination, apex-C7 deformity angular ratio (DAR), apex translation ratio, C6 tilt, clavicle angle (CA), radiographic shoulder height (RSH), head–neck translation and coronal balance distance (CBD) (All p < 0.05) but not head tilt (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that head shift, but not neck tilt correlated significantly with the severity of trunk inclination (β = 0.106, p = 0.003), while apex-C7 DAR and apex translation ratio were the two factors contributing significantly to the severity of head shift (β = 0.620, p = 0.020; β = − 0.371, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

Development and progression of head shift rather than neck tilt is a significant causative factor initiating the occurrence of trunk tilt and proximal takeoff in CTS. A higher apex-C7 DAR representing a short angular upper hemi curve and a lower apex translation ratio representing poor proximal coronal compensation are key risk factors predisposing to head shift.