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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Simple Summary

Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by the nematode parasite Dirofilaria immitis. This disease is cosmopolitan and mainly affects canids and felids and accidentally humans. The Canary Islands (Spain) are considered an endemic area and some of its islands such as the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria (provincial capitals) are considered hyperendemic. The aim of our study was to develop a quantitative proposal of the risk of infection by D. immitis using an ecological niche model (ENM), taking into account environmental and bioclimatic variables that affect the presence of culicid mosquitoes, to maximize its resolution and, in addition, estimate the impact of future climatic conditions in 2080 on the risk of infection. Nineteen environmental and bioclimatic variables were processed and modeled using ArcMap 10 and MaxEnt 3.4. The model was weighted by the number of Dirofilaria spp. generations and validated with the prevalence and geolocation of D. immitis-infected dogs across the Canary Islands. The risk map of D. immitis infection in the Canary Islands is high in all the islands, except for the higher altitude areas, and as for the analysis of range change, the projection for 2080 does not show a large increase in the extension of areas suitable for Culex spp., but rather a modification in the distribution of these areas. This model will help veterinary and public health professionals to carry out more effective and localized prevention and control of cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis (heartworm disease).

Abstract

Heartworm disease is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. The Canary Islands (Spain), geolocated close to the coast of Western Sahara, is an archipelago considered hyperendemic where the average prevalence in domestic dogs is high, heterogeneous, and non-uniform. In addition, Culex theileri has been reported as a vector of the disease on two of the most populated islands. Our aim was to develop a more accurate transmission risk model for dirofilariosis for the Canary Islands. For this purpose, we used different variables related to parasite transmission; the potential distribution of suitable habitats for Culex spp. was calculated using the ecological niche model (ENM) and the potential number of generations of D. immitis. The resulting model was validated with the geolocation of D. immitis-infected dogs from all islands. In addition, the impact of possible future climatic conditions was estimated. There is a risk of transmission on all islands, being high in coastal areas, moderate in midland areas, and minimal in higher altitude areas. Most of the dogs infected with D. immitis were geolocated in areas with a high risk of transmission. In 2080, the percentage of territory that will have been gained by Culex spp. is small (5.02%), although it will occur toward the midlands from coastal areas. This new model provides a high predictive power for the study of cardiopulmonary dirofilariosis in the Canary Islands, as a hyperendemic area of the disease, and can be used as a tool for its prevention and control.

Details

Title
Assessment Heartworm Disease in the Canary Islands (Spain): Risk of Transmission in a Hyperendemic Area by Ecological Niche Modeling and Its Future Projection
Author
Morchón, Rodrigo 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rodríguez-Escolar, Iván 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hernández Lambraño, Ricardo E 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sánchez Agudo, José Ángel 3 ; Montoya-Alonso, José Alberto 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Serafín-Pérez, Irene 5 ; Fernández-Serafín, Carolina 5 ; Carretón, Elena 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Zoonotic Diseases and One Health GIR, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca—Research Center for Tropical Diseases University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Miguel Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.M.-A.); [email protected] (E.C.) 
 Zoonotic Diseases and One Health GIR, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca—Research Center for Tropical Diseases University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Miguel Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain 
 Biodiversity, Human Diversity and Conservation Biology Research Group, Campus Miguel Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (R.E.H.L.); [email protected] (J.Á.S.A.) 
 Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.M.-A.); [email protected] (E.C.) 
 Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Spain; [email protected] (I.S.-P.); [email protected] (C.F.-S.) 
First page
3251
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20762615
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2882261543
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.