1. Introduction
Faba bean is one of the essential nutritious popular food crops in the world and plays a main role in the Egyptian cuisine. However, it faces several biotic constrains including viral, bacterial, fungal infections, as well as various pests and insects [1]. Many fungal infections that impact faba bean production as well as other crops in various locations are classified as root system diseases [2,3]. Fusarium is one of these disorders which has a definite effect on the plant’s autoimmunity and consequently causes a decrease in crop productivity and quantity during the growing season. [4]. Given the difficulty and harm of completely controlling Fusarium wilt disease chemically, the most appropriate alternative was to adopt a highly efficient natural approach to combat wilt disease, which is also less expensive and eco-friendly. Furthermore, climatic change has lately intensified, resulting in the rapid spread of plant diseases [4,5].
In fact, the induction of systemic resistance in the plant makes the plant able to recover from the damage of pathogens. Systemic resistance or immunity can be induced in plants by biotic or abiotic inducers [6]. NPs improve structural and metabolic parameters and greatly increase yield by generating systemic resistance. [7,8]. By encouraging growth metrics and metabolic properties, ZnO-NPs have been suggested as a synthetic fungicide substitute for eliminating Fusarium wilt disease by inducing systemic resistance [9]. The possibility of nanoparticles to induce SAR as a practical approach of controlling numerous plant diseases is only now being realized [10]. In order to treat fungal infections, the use of nanobiotechnology to resist infections and boost plant physiological immunity has produced significant and effective results. This is because it might boost plant systemic immunity, disease resistance, and yield [11,12,13,14]. In this regard, biosynthesis of nanomaterials using fungal extracts, a plentiful source of natural compounds such as carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids, is a promising approach that can operate as a safe reducing and stabilizing agent [15].
Zinc oxide nanoparticles play an important role in the process of sugar oxidation in plants [7]. Nano CuO applications increased plant health, growth, and production, and have the potential to have a significant impact on the management of plant diseases in ornamentals [16,17]. Attention turned to feeding the plant with compounds that contain copper, as scientific reports have proven the antimicrobial efficiency of copper, as it stimulates the activation of laccases, which is one of the enzymatic analogues of polyphenol oxidase that breaks down and oxidizes phenolic substances. It has been reported that in vitro application of copper on potato plants infected with brown mold bacteria inhibited the bacterial growth. It is worth noting that plants treated with copper showed a significant improvement in morphological characteristics and physiological immune responses. This article’s novelty stems from the use of bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles to perform two critical tasks: therapeutic nutrition delivery and Fusarium wilt management with high efficacy. The main goal of this research is to recover the plant’s fighting in contradiction of Fusarium wilt disease in faba beans plant caused by Fusarium oxysporum using nano-biotechnology represented by bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs as a nano-fertilizer against the fungal plant pathogen.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biosynthesis of NPs
NPs were myco-synthesized using a filtrate of A. fumigatus OQ519856 and the complete characterization of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO (such as UV-Vis., HR-TEM, DLS, and SEM analysis) was recorded in our previous study [18]. Moreover, the concentration used of ZnO-CuO NPs (125 µg/mL) ZnO NPs (1000 µg/mL) and CuO NPs (500 µg/mL) depends on the MIC against fusarium, as mentioned in previous published article [18].
2.2. Source of the Fusarium Pathogen
The pathogen was obtained from the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) at Al-Azhar University. The pathogen was cultured on PDA media for 5 days before being stored at 4 °C, and the pathogenic fungus inoculum was ready.
2.3. In Vivo Experiment
2.3.1. In Vivo Study
The present study employed seeds of Vicia faba L, namely the CV Giza 3 variety.
The seeds were immersed in the nano solutions (125 μg/mL) for a duration of 2 h, with a ratio of 2 mL of solution per gram of seeds. These treatments were employed in the experimental procedure. A single seed/pot, measuring 30 cm in diameter, was planted in the Research Garden located at the Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. The pot included a mixture of sand and clay in a weight-to-weight ratio of 1:3, with a total mass of 4 kg. The distribution of the pots was carried out, ensuring that each treatment had 8 repetitions.
The experimental treatments were organized as follows: T1 represented the healthy control group, T2 represented the group of infected plants that were left untreated, T3 represented the group of healthy plants that were treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), T4 represented the group of infected plants that were treated with ZnO NPs, T5 represented the group of healthy plants that were treated with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), T6 represented the group of infected plants that were treated with CuO NPs, T7 represented the group of healthy plants that were treated with a combination of ZnO-CuO NPs, and T8 represented the group of infected plants that were treated with ZnO-CuO NPs.
The pathogenic fungus was artificially infected by injecting 10 mL of Fusarium oxysporum 107 spores/ mL) into the soil. After germination and the appearance of the cotyledons of the plants, the plants’ (healthy and infected) treatments with nanosolutions was started. Three doses (20 mL per plant, once per week) of nanosolutions at a concentration of (125 g/mL) were applied to the plants’ leaves using a one-handed pressure irrigator. Assessment of plant resistance, recording disease symptoms, as well as taking plant samples for biochemical tests were conducted 60 days after germination.
A duration of 60 days after germination, symptoms were recorded, and disease severity and protection were determined according to Attia et al. [19].
2.3.2. Metabolic Indicators for Resistance
The lengths of the shoots were measured at random from above the soil surface to the end of the plant’s growing tip and recorded in cm. Root lengths were measured from the soil surface to the end of the root tip and recorded in cm. Chlorophyll and carotenoids were measured using the technique of Abdelaziz et al. [20]. A solution consisting of 50 mL of acetone with an 80% concentration was employed to extract photosynthetic pigments from a sample of fresh leaves weighing 0.5 g. The filtrate was subsequently quantified by spectrophotometric analysis at wavelengths of 665 nm, 649 nm, and 470 nm. The estimation of the soluble protein was conducted by Lowry et al. [21]. A volume of 1 mL of the extract was mixed with 5 mL of an alkaline reagent consisting of 50 mL of a 2% Na2CO3 solution prepared in 0.1 N NaOH and 1 mL of a 0.5% CuSO4 solution prepared in 1% potassium sodium tartrate. Additionally, 0.5 mL of Folin’s reagent, diluted by a ratio of 1:3 v/v, was added to the mixture. After a duration of 30 min, an observable alteration in color was detected at a wavelength of 750 nanometers.
The quantification of soluble carbohydrates in the shoot was determined using the methodology outlined in the study conducted by Umbreit et al. [22]. The dried shoots from each treatment, weighing 0.5 g, were collected and mixed with 2.5 mL of a 2% phenol solution and 5 mL of a 30% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution. The resulting mixture was subsequently filtered using filter paper. Subsequently, a volume of 2 mL of anthrone reagent, prepared by dissolving 2 g of anthrone in 1 L of 95% sulfuric acid (H2SO4), was introduced. The color that was observed and measured had a wavelength of 620 nm, with a blue-green color.
The content of free proline was established by the method of Bates et al. [23]. The protocol mentioned in Dai et al. [24] was used to assess the total phenolics. The method of Hu, Richter [25] was used to determine the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in fresh faba bean leaves. Fresh faba bean leaves were tested for hydrogen peroxide H2O2 content [26]. The approved technique of Srivastava, [27] was used to determine peroxidase activity. The activity of polyphenol oxidase was measured by the method of Matta [28].
2.3.3. Statistical Analyses
The data were subjected to one-way variance analysis (ANOVA). The LSD test by CoStat was used to reveal statistically significant differences between treatments at p 0.05. The resulting data are shown as mean standard errors (n = 3).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. V. faba Protection
The results in Table 1 and Figure 1 showed that the fungus infects the roots of the plant, causing wilting, yellowing, and eventually death. F. oxysporum was highly virulence and caused 87.5% DI. The results showed that both ZnO NPs and CuO NPs alone efficiently reduced the severity of the Fusarium wilt disease, with average DIs (50% and 37.5%) and protections (42.8% and 57.1%), respectively. However, the combined treatment of ZnO-CuO NPs was even more effective, with a DI (22.5%) and protection of 22.5% and 74.28%, respectively. This suggests that the combination of these two NPs could be a promising approach for controlling V. faba Fusarium wilt disease.
ZnO NPs have been reported to possess strong direct fungicidal effects against numerous plant pathogenic fungi, including F oxysporum, through their high surface-area-to-volume ratio that enables them to penetrate the fungal cell wall and disrupt its metabolic processes, leading to the inhibition of fungal growth.
These results are explained indirectly by the fact that ZnO NPs are some of the important elements that stimulate plants to synthesize growth hormones and repair hormone imbalances [29]. The researchers used CuO NPs in laboratories to fight fusarium, and the results showed that the use of CuO NPs inhibited fungal growth [30]. The present study also found that the combination treatment of ZnO and CuO NPs was more effective than either NP alone, indicating a potential synergistic effect between the two NPs (Zn and Cu). This is consistent with previous studies that have also demonstrated that the combination of metal NPs can have a synergistic effect on their antifungal properties against phytopathogenic fungi [31].
Growth Biomarkers
It is evident from Figure 2A–C that Fusarium-infected plants exhibited great reductions in plant height (54.8%), root length (57.8%), number of leaves (61.28%) and number of nodules (79.3%) compared to the control plants. These data agree with the recent research by Elsakhawy, T. et al. [32]. Fusarium infection was reported to clog the vessels carrying water and salts, so the plants become dwarfs and eventually die [33]. Plants that were both healthy and diseased and were subjected to treatment with ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, and CuO NPs exhibited noteworthy increases in many growth parameters, including plant height, root length, number of leaves, and number of nodules when compared to plants that did not receive any treatment. In the investigation of the impact of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), CuO nanoparticles (NPs), and ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on plants in a healthy state, it was observed that the treatment involving ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited the most notable and statistically significant enhancements in several plant growth parameters. Specifically, this treatment resulted in a substantial increase in plant height (52.59%), root length (19.18%), number of leaves (50.01%), and number of nodules (108%), as depicted in Figure 2A–C. Concerning the effect of ZnO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO-CuO NPs on the challenged plants with F. oxysporum, it was found that ZnO-CuO NPs were the best treatment that showed the greatest significant increase in plant height (101%), root length (119%), number of leaves (142%) and number of nodules (450%). Such a remarkable enhancement in growth parameters could be attributed to the ability of the used treatments (ZnO-CuO NPs, ZnO NPs and CuO NPs) to improve the plant’s defense as well as their anti-Fusarium ability that prevent the fungal penetration into the plant roots. Moreover, the treatments enhanced the formation of nitrogen fixation nodules, and the release of secondary metabolites, thus facilitating nutrient uptake from the root environment. These results are supported by Ragab, Turoop [34]; they reported that treatment with ZnO NPs resulted in a significant improvement in the morphological characteristics of faba bean plants. García-López et al. [35] stated that zinc oxide has the potential to elevate the yield and growth of some crops. Nanoparticles can travel long distances through the plant’s vasculature after entering the leaf apoplast [36]. It is noted that treatment with CuO NPs resulted in an improvement in the plant’s morphological characteristics, as well as an increase in the plant’s defensive ability [37].
3.2. Photosynthetic Pigments
The findings depicted in Figure 3A–C indicate a significant decrease in the levels of chlorophyll a and b in plants infected with F. oxysporum (5.34 and 5.007 mg/g. f.wt) compared to uninfected plants (14.28 and 9.71 mg/g. f.wt), respectively. The significant reduction in chlorophyll pigment content can be attributed to the plant’s inability to effectively catch light and perform photosynthesis, as well as the impact of oxidative bursts on chloroplasts caused by disease infection [38]. Plants that were both healthy and sick and subjected to treatment with nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO exhibited notable increases in the levels of chlorophyll a and b, in comparison to plants that did not receive any treatment. In relation to the impact of treatments on plants affected by F. oxysporum, it was observed that the application of ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs) yielded the most favorable results. This treatment exhibited a substantial and statistically significant increase in the levels of chlorophyll a (131.46%) and chlorophyll b (131.37%) when compared to the effects of ZnO NPs (86.70% and 86.74%) and CuO NPs (61.98% and 61.71%), respectively. The findings depicted in Figure 2A–C indicate a notable increase in carotenoid levels in plants that were infected. In the case of Fusarium-infected plants, the application of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and a combination of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) resulted in an observed rise in carotenoid levels as compared to non-treated plants infected with F. oxysporum, as depicted in Figure 2A–C.
Also, the achieved results showed that in both healthy and F. oxysporum-infected plants, contents of carotenoids were increased in response to the treatment with ZnO-CuO NPs, ZnO NPs and CuO NPs. Increased chlorophyll contents in infected plants treated with ZnO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO-CuO NPs could have resulted from supplying the plant with zinc and copper, where ZnO NPs play an important role in cell division [39,40], and CuO NPs in the formation of chlorophyll [41], as scientific reports have proven that up to 70% of the copper found in plants is found in chlorophyll, which is largely associated with chloroplasts [42,43]. It is involved in lignin formation, and protein and carbohydrate synthesis, and may be necessary for symbiotic nitrogen fixation [44]. Copper is part of the plastocyanin, which forms a link in the electron transport chain and is involved in photosynthesis [45].
3.3. Osmolytes
The data depicted in Figure 4A–C demonstrate a considerable decrease in the total soluble protein and carbohydrate content of faba bean as a result of F. oxysporum infection. These findings are corroborated by numerous prior investigations [46]. In contrast, a study revealed that the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), and a combination of ZnO-CuO NPs on both healthy and diseased plants resulted in a noteworthy augmentation in total soluble protein and carbohydrate levels, as compared to plants that were not treated. Regarding the impact of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), CuO nanoparticles (NPs), and ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on plants infected with F. oxysporum, it was observed that ZnO NPs exhibited a significant increase in the overall soluble protein content (55.90%). This was followed by CuO NPs (24.70%) and ZnO-CuO NPs (18.34%), in comparison to the infected control group that remained untreated. In relation to the impact of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), CuO nanoparticles (NPs), and ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on plants exposed to F. oxysporum, it was observed that the bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited a significant rise in total soluble carbohydrates (99.35%). This was followed by ZnO NPs (65.71%) and CuO NPs (30.50%), when compared to the infected control group that was not treated. These findings are consistent with the findings reported in reference [47]. According to a recent study [48], zinc has been identified as a constituent of glyco-dehydrogenases, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis, as well as glycine dipeptidases, which are essential for the process of glycolysis. Copper assumes a crucial function in the process of chlorophyll creation and metabolism within plant cells, so it serves as a significant contributor in promoting the synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates.
The quantification of proline levels in plant tissues serves as an indicator of the host plants’ response to infection and its possible resistance to pathogens. The findings of the current study (Figure 4A–C) demonstrated notable elevations in the levels of free proline in plants infected with Fusarium. The utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) derived from ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO has demonstrated notable enhancements in the levels of free proline in both uninfected and diseased plants. Regarding the impact of nanoparticles (NPs) composed of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on plants exposed to F. oxysporum, it was shown that bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited a noteworthy elevation in proline levels (57.59%) compared to CuO NPs (25.31%) and ZnO NPs (12.65%). The present findings indicate a clear correlation between the reduction in primary metabolite levels, specifically soluble carbohydrates and soluble proteins, and the severe depletion of chlorophylls in response to Fusarium infection. Nevertheless, the proline level exhibited an increase as a result of its involvement in osmoregulation and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [49].
3.4. Oxidative Stress
The data shown in Figure 5A–C demonstrate that the presence of F. oxysporum resulted in a substantial and statistically significant elevation in the total phenolic content of the infected plants. A noteworthy observation was made regarding the treatment of plants with nanoparticles (NPs) of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and a combination of ZnO and CuO (ZnO-CuO). This treatment resulted in a substantial increase in the overall phenolic content of both healthy plants and those infected with F. oxysporum. In relation to the impact of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on plants exposed to F. oxysporum, it was shown that the bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs exhibited a more pronounced elevation in total phenolic content compared to both ZnO NPs and CuO NPs individually.
The infection caused by F. oxysporum resulted in the buildup of MDA (137.94 nmol/g f.wt) and H2O2 (68.12) in comparison to the untreated plants, as shown in Figure 2B. The aforementioned results are corroborated by a multitude of prior research studies [50]. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was seen to decrease upon exposure to bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles, as well as individual CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles. The respective concentrations of MDA were measured as 107.38, 112.59, and 128.84 n mol/g f.wt. The concentration of H2O2 exhibited a decrease of 42.81%, 45.19%, and 53.79% when compared to the untreated infected plant, as depicted in Figure 5C.
The utilization of bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles resulted in a reduction in the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by enhancing the presence of antioxidant chemicals that effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and safeguard cellular membranes. Avoidance and reduction of oxidative stress, as well as the capture of free radicals, are considered significant indicators of resistance to stress [51]. The findings of this study are consistent with prior research that has shown a reduction in the concentrations of MDA and H2O2 following the administration of CuO nanoparticles and bimetallic ZnO-CuO nanoparticles [52].
3.5. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
The activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was increased in infected plants that recorded as 1.801 and 0.834, respectively, compared to untreated control plants (1.179 and 0.545) (Figure 6A,B). Moreover, spraying with bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO NPs increased the activity of POD by 2.841, 2.261, and 2.026, respectively, and PPO by 1.315, 1.047, and 0.938, respectively, over infected plants (Figure 6A,B). Under non-infected conditions, the foliar administration of nanoparticles (NPs) containing zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and a combination of ZnO and CuO resulted in enhanced activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in the treated plants, when compared to the control group. Enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes is a crucial factor in bolstering plant physiological immunity and safeguarding cellular integrity against oxidative damage caused by infections [53].
3.6. Yield Characters
Results of the present study (Table 2) revealed that F. oxysporum caused highly significant decrease in the number of pods/plant (17.91%) and weight of pods (24.95%). The results of this study agree with a recent work [54], where they reported that infection with Fusarium leads to a severe decrease in yield. On the other hand, application of ZnO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO-CuO NPs resulted in a highly significant increase in yield characters in both healthy and infected plants. However, treatment with bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs caused a highly significant increase in the amount of pods/plant (966.51%) and weight of pods g/plant (486.08%). Spraying of zinc on bean plants led to increases in all yield components [55].
4. Conclusions
The study provides promising results on the potential use of myco-synthetic bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs as an alternative agent to control the spread of Fusarium wilt disease and improving the growth and yield parameters (photosynthetic pigments, proline, phenolics, antioxidant enzymes, MDA, H2O2, and number of pods and weight of pods of Vicia faba plants. The results showed that both ZnO NPs and CuO NPs alone efficiently reduced the severity of the fusarium wilt disease, with average DIs (50% and 37.5%) and protections (42.8% and 57.1%), respectively. Healthy and infected plants treated with NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO presented significant rises in the plant height, root length, number of leaves and number of nodules, compared with non-treated plants ones. Concerning the effect NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on the challenged plants with F. oxysporum, it was found that ZnO-CuO NPs were the best treatment that showed the greatest significant increase in the contents of chlorophyll a by 131.46% and chlorophyll b by 131.37%, in comparison with ZnO NPs (86.70% and 86.74%), and CuO NPs (61.98% and 61.71%), respectively. Concerning the effect NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on the challenged plants with F. oxysporum, it was found that ZnO NPs show a considerable increase in total soluble protein (55.90%), followed by CuO NPs (24.70%) and ZnO-CuO NPs (18.34%), when being compared with untreated infected control. The content of MDA was reduced in response to bimetallic ZnO-CuO NPs, CuO NPs and ZnO NPs to 107.38, 112.59, and 128.84, n mol/g f.wt., respectively. While the content of H2O2 declined by 42.81, 45.19 and 53.79, respectively, compared to the untreated infected plant. Moreover, spraying with NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO increased the activity of POD by 2.841, 2.261, and 2.026, respectively, and PPO by 1.315, 1.047, and 0.938, respectively, over infected plants. The outcomes showed that actino-synthesized ZnO-CuO NPs might increase plant biochemical resistance while also inhibiting F. oxysporum wilt impacts on faba bean plants. However, this study needs to be undertaken to fully understand the environmental and health impacts of the use of nanoparticles in agriculture.
Conceptualization, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A. and A.M.A.K.; methodology, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; software, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; validation, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; formal analysis, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; investigation, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; resources, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; data curation, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; writing—review and editing, M.S.A., A.H.H., G.S.E.-S., A.M.A., S.E.G., O.M.A.z., A.M.S. and A.M.A.K.; project administration, A.M.S.; funding acquisition, O.M.A.z., A.M.A.K. and A.M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this article.
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number 445-9-560.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
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Enlarge this image.Figure 1. Symptoms of wilt disease: (A) untreated infected, (B) untreated healthy, (C) infected treated with ZnO NPs, (D) infected treated with CuO NPs and (E) infected treated with ZnO-CuO NPs.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2. Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on (A) shoot length, (B) root length, (C) number of leaves and (D) number of nodules of F. oxysporum wilt disease of faba bean plant. T1: healthy control; T2: infected control; T3: healthy and treated with ZnO NPs; T4: infected and treated with ZnO NPs; T5: healthy and treated with CuO NPs; T6: infected and treated with CuO NPs; T7: healthy and treated with ZnO-CuO NPs; T8: infected and treated with ZnO-CuO NPs. (Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–h” refer to significance in statically analysis).
Enlarge this image.Figure 3. Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on (A) chlorophyll a, (B) chlorophyll b and (C) carotenoids of F. oxysporum wilt disease of faba bean plant. (Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–h” refer to significance in statically analysis).
Enlarge this image.Figure 4. Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on (A) total soluble protein, (B) total soluble carbohydrates and (C) free proline contents of F. oxysporum wilt of V. faba. (Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–h” refer to significance in statically analysis).
Enlarge this image.Figure 5. Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on (A) total phenol, (B) MDA and (C) H2O2 levels of F. oxysporum wilt disease of faba bean plant. (Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–h” refer to significance in statically analysis).
Enlarge this image.Figure 6. Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on antioxidant enzyme activity (POD (A) and PPO (B)) of F. oxysporum wilt disease of faba bean plant. (Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–f” refer to significance in statically analysis).
Effect NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on disease index of F. oxysporum wilt disease of V. faba.
| Treatment | Disease Symptoms Classes | DI (%) | Protection (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
| Control Infected | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 87.5 | 0 |
| Infected + ZnO NPs | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 50 | 42.8 |
| Infected + CuO NPs | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 37.5 | 57.1 |
| Infected + ZnO-CuO NPs | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 22.5 | 74.28 |
Effect of NPs of ZnO, CuO, and ZnO-CuO on yield characters of faba bean plant.
| Treatments | Number of Pods |
Weight of Pods |
|---|---|---|
| T1 | 24 ± 1.6 e | 9.35 ±0.17 f |
| T2 | 4.3 ± 0 f | 2.3 ± 0 g |
| T3 | 36.26 ± 3.33 c | 17.51 0.34 c |
| T4 | 29.86 ± 0.92 d | 23.23 ± 0.70 d |
| T5 | 35.2 ± 1.6 c | 14.14 ± 0.34 d |
| T6 | 27.73 ± 0.92 d | 10.74 ±0.26 e |
| T7 | 60.8 ± 1.6 a | 31.62 ± 0.52 a |
| T8 | 45.86 ± 2.44 b | 13.48 ± 0.42 b |
| LSD at 5% | 3.14 | 0.69 |
(Data represent mean ± SD, n = 3, letters “a–g” refer to significance in statically analysis).
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Details
; El-Sayyad, Gharieb S 2 ; Abdelaziz, Amer M 1
; Gaber, Sherif E 1 ; Ahmed Mohamed Aly Khalil 3 ; Ahmed Mahmoud Saleh 3
; Omar Mahmoud Al zoubi 3 ; Hashem, Amr H 1
1 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12451, Egypt; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez 15888, Egypt; Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo 13759, Egypt
3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Taibah University, Yanbu El-Bahr 46423, Saudi Arabia