Patch antenna design based on 1D-EBG structures for high gain applications

Abstract

In this paper the band gap of one-dimensional electromagnetic band gap (1D-EBG) structures will be detennined analytically using the dispersion diagram method. Next, we propose a 1D-EBG antenna design to improve the directivity at 3.5 GHz for WiMax applications. The primary goal of this endeavor is to validate the method and the directive EBG antenna's design at the resonant frequency 3.5 GHz with optimal adaptation and to demonstrate the effect of the dielectric substrates on increasing the directivity up to 20 dB. The proposed antenna with 1D-EBG shows 14 dBi enhancement in comparison to the conventional antenna without EBG and a very good adaptation is obtained. The design parameters of the antenna were optimized.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

In this paper the band gap of one-dimensional electromagnetic band gap (1D-EBG) structures will be detennined analytically using the dispersion diagram method. Next, we propose a 1D-EBG antenna design to improve the directivity at 3.5 GHz for WiMax applications. The primary goal of this endeavor is to validate the method and the directive EBG antenna's design at the resonant frequency 3.5 GHz with optimal adaptation and to demonstrate the effect of the dielectric substrates on increasing the directivity up to 20 dB. The proposed antenna with 1D-EBG shows 14 dBi enhancement in comparison to the conventional antenna without EBG and a very good adaptation is obtained. The design parameters of the antenna were optimized.

Keywords:

1D-EBG

Electromagnetic band-gap

High directivity characteristics

Patch antenna

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omited.)

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the role of wireless communication technology is crucial in all sectors [1]. The antenna holds essential significance within a wireless communication system, and it serves as a vital element in applications such as energy harvesting, where its connection to a rectifier enables efficient operation [2]. The appearance of the microstrip patch antenna has opened up numerous options for antenna designing and manufacturing, it benefits include low cost and profile, and light weight, [3]-[5] therefore it is appropriate for today's applications. The major microstrip antenna drawbacks are limited bandwidth, gain and directivity. In contrast special attention lias been paid to high directivity antennas, because of its ability to transmit infonnation over a large distance. Therefore, high directivity microstrip patch antenna design is an important task. To improve the directivity of microstrip patch antennas several methods are described in literature such us a patch antenna design based on the fractal Sierpiński method maintained a small antenna dimension of 40 mm x 40 mm patch size resulting in a 10.9 dBi directivity at 3.866 GHz [6]. The fractal antenna in Koch Island described in [7] lias a directivity of 13 dBi. Stacked patch antennas [8], [9] is an another approach for enhancing the directivity. In addition, antennas with high directivity include superstrates [10]-[13], metamaterials with zero index, filling curve of the Peano space [14], and materials with photonic band gap [15]. However, for obtaining a high directivity patch antenna, this paper provides the use of unidirectional one-dimensional electromagnetic band gap structures (1D-EBG).

The EBG resonator provides a significant means of increasing antenna directivity, called an EBG antenna [16]. The electromagnetic bandgap resonator antenna usually consists of an excitation source and two interfaces. The upper interface is usually one or more dielectric plates or a surface of metallic or dielectric rods, while the lower interface is a ground plane. In this paper we will study in more detail the electromagnetic properties of one-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap structures and their applications in directive antenna design. In section 2, we have established the dispersion diagram method to theoretically determine the band gap of the ID EBG structure and to understand its operation. In section 3 we realized a design of 1D-EBG antenna, from which we replaced the plane of symmetry presented by the ID EBG structure by a metallic plane, placing on the latter an excitation source (patch). The conclusion of this work will be discussed in section 4.

2. ANALYSIS AND CONFIGURATION OF THE EBG STRUCTURE

To facilitate the investigation of the solution of Maxwell's equations, the arrangement of the one dimensional EBG structure is established through the alternation of layers of dielectric material and air (refer to Figure 1(a)). In Figure 1(a), the diffraction of an incident electromagnetic wave with the EBG structure is depicted for two propagation directions: one in the positive direction (oz) and the other in the negative direction. The equation describing the electric field E in each dielectric layer, satisfying the wave (1), can be expressed as a second order differential as illustrated in (1).

... (1)

The speed of light in vacuum is denoted as c, and the permittivity of the dielectric layer is represented as εr(x,y,z). When considering a one-dimensional periodicity model along the z axis and homogeneity in the xy plane, (1) is transformed into:

... (2)

By considering a one-dimensional periodic network, the solution to (2) can be obtained effortlessly, taking into account the periodicity of the permittivity εr (z) with a period of L, as illustrated in Figure 1(b).

... (3)

... (4)

The respective solutions to the differential (3) and (4) are given by:

... (5)

... (6)

By utilizing the property that the function E(z) and its corresponding derivative E'(z) remain continuous at the interface, such as at point A, we can leverage the Bloch-Floquet theorem [17], [18]. As a consequence, it can be asserted that any solution E (z) which meets the wave (2) within a periodic structure can be expressed in:

... (7)

In which u (z) is a periodic function exhibiting the identical period L as the distribution of permittivity, in other words u(z + L) = u(z) and wave constant ... applies. We show that the dispersion relation is in (8).

... (8)

The wave constant k can be expressed based on the dispersion (8).

... (9)

Figure 2(a) illustrates the frequency-dependent variation of the left-hand side of (10). It is observed that the left-hand side of the equation can exceed +1 or fall below -1, whereas the right-hand side always remains within the range of -1 to +1. Figure 2(a) illustrate that if the left-hand side of the dispersion equation goes beyond ±1, there are frequency bands in which the reduced wave constant ... is undetermined as illustrated in Figure 2(b), in other words in these frequency bands no wave can propagate, we speak then of forbidden frequency bands. The one-dimensional periodic structure prevents electromagnetic waves from propagating within these frequency bands. It is necessary for an application with a well-defined frequency f0, for example in antenna design, to center the first band gap around the frequency f0, i.e., in this frequency the left-hand side of the dispersion equation has an extreme value, therefore (10) is used.

... (10)

That is:

... (11)

This condition can be satisfied if.

... (12)

Through expressions of ... we find.

... (13)

With λ0 represents the wavelength in vacuum corresponding to the center frequency fO of the band gap and λg that in the dielectric, er represents the relative permittivity of the dielectric material. In order to obtain band gaps around the frequency f0, to attain destructive interference of transmitted electromagnetic waves, it is necessary for the layers' thickness to match λ/4. The suggested EBG structure is composed with alternated layers of Neltec with relative permittivity εr = 2.6 and other air layers. This structure is illustrated in Figure 3(a). If a λ0 default which corresponds to the frequency of operation 3.5 GHz is formed in the EBG structure's center as shown in Figure 3(a). there is a narrow band of transmission created in the band gap's center as illustrated Figure 3(b). By observing Figure 3(b). it is evident that the transmission peak is located symmetrically in the band gap. This is due to the fact that the frequency of this peak is directly related to the periodicity defect between the plates.

3. CONFIGURATION OF THE EBG ANTENNA

We can replace the symmetry plane shown in Figure 3(a) by a ground plane (or metal plane), as the electrical field mapping indicates that tire tangent component of the E-field on this symmetry plane is cancelled [19]. Consequently, when the electric image theory is applied, the half-structure behavior over the ground plane becomes similar to the defected EBG structure. At the ground plane, an excitation source is positioned and the resulting antenna is named EBG antenna. It is composed by a ground plane with the patch of excitation positioned on the EBG structure symmetry plane in the center of the fault as defined by Thevenot et al. [20].

Figme 4(a) shows the EBG (1-D) antenna. It consists of three 13.30 mm thick dielectric layers of Neltec NY9260 placed at a distance of 41.85 mm from the ground plane and an excitation somce. Figure 4(b) illustrates EBG 1-D antenna return loss, which indicates that the antenna with and without EBG is well adapted and covers the objective WiMax band. From Figmes 5(a). Figure 5(b) and Figme 6(a). Figme 6(b) it becomes evident that the EBG structure improves the perfonnance of the antenna in a very significant way in terms of the radiation becoming more directive. Table 1 presents a comparison between our study and various antennas discussed in the literature is summarized. We can notice that om technique used to increase the directivity is the best one.

4. CONCLUSION

In tlris paper we have designed a planar ID EBG antenna at the 3.5 GHz frequency for the WiMax bands. First, we developed a method to determine the band gap theoretically and understand their operation. Then we have realized a ID EBG antenna design, from which we have replaced the symmetry plane presented by the ID EBG structure by a metallic plane, arranging on it an excitation source (patch). The insertion of ID EBG structures on top of the patch antenna results in a very interesting directivity increase of approx. 20 dB compared to the antenna without EBG structure which has a directivity of 6 dB.

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Article Info

Article history:

Received Jan 5, 2023

Revised Jun 5, 2023

Accepted Jun 24, 2023

Corresponding Author:

Sara Said

Research Center, High Studies of Engineering School, EHEI

Oujda, Morocco

Email: [email protected]

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Sara Said was born in Oujda, Morocco in 1992. She received the bachelor and the master degrees in electronics and informatics from University Mohamed Premier of Oujda (Morocco) in 2013 and 2015 respectively. She is now pursuing her Ph.D. degree at the Faculty of Sciences of Oujda. She interest is designing new antenna topologies based on EBG materials. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Sara El Mattar born in Mohanmiedia Morocco on October 14, 1995. In 2016, she obtained her license degree in Telecommunications Engineering at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Mohanmiedia, then she had got a master's degree in Internet of Things and Mobile Systems at National School of Applied Sciences in Fez. She is currently a Ph.D. student in the Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics and Data Processing (EEA&TI) at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Mohanmiedia-Hassan II University Casablanca. Her works studies are focused on the design and the optimization of the passive RFID tags and especially energy harvesting technology, with the direction of Pr. A. Baghdad. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Ahmed Faize was born in Al Hoceima City (Morocco) in 1984. Currently he is professor and researcher at the Superior School of Technology, Mohammed lstUniversity. He has participated in several scientific research, including study response of GPR signals in homogeneous and inhomogeneous mediums and study of the antennas. Currently he is a Head of the Electromagnetism, Plasma Physics and Applications Research Team (EPPA). He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdenacer Es-Salhi Professor of Higher Education, University Mohamed premier. Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, OUJDA -Morocco. He received the master degrees (DEA) in Electronic and System from University Blaise Pascal Clermont Ferrand French in 1986. He received the first PhD degrees subtitle "Study of the diffraction of an electromagnetic wave by aperiodic surfaces. Application to the calculation of the reinforcement of electromagnetic fields by the surface of a rough sea", at University Blaise Pascal Clermont Ferrand French in 1991, the second Ph.D. received at University Mohamed premier, Oujda, Morocco, subtitle "Coupling of an electromagnetic wave to an aerial transmission line modeling and simulation", in 1996. His teaching activities: Supervision of projects: Masters DESA, License-Educational coordinator of the Professional License of Electronics-Educational coordinator of the Professional License Professional of Physical and Chemical Science Didactics. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Baghaz Elhadi was born in Al Hoceima City (Morocco) in 1985. Professor researcher at the Laboratory of Electronics, Instrumentation and Energetics at the Faculty of Science of El Jadida, University Chouaib Doukkali. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abdennaceur Baghdad holds in 1992 a Ph.D. in Electronics from the University of Lille-France. He is a professor of electronics. Hyper frequencies, antennas, and telecommunication at the University Hassan II Mohanmiedia Casablanca- Morocco. He is a member of the EEA&TI laboratory (Electronics, Energy, Automatic, and Information Processing). His research interests are in the fields of information and telecommunication technologies. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

References

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