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Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the detection and duration of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in plasma, urine, saliva, sweat, rectal swabs, vaginal secretions, breast milk, and semen and to explore risk factors associated with prolonged viral persistence. A prospective cohort study of symptomatic patients and their household contacts was conducted in Brazil from July 2017 to June 2019. A total of 260 individuals (184 women and 76 men) with confirmed ZIKV infection were enrolled and followed up for 12 months. ZIKV RNA was present in all body fluid specimens and detectable for extended periods in urine, sweat, rectal swabs, and semen. The longest detection duration was found in semen, with high viral loads in the specimens. ZIKV RNA clearance was associated with several factors, including age, sex, education level, body mass index, non-purulent conjunctivitis, joint pain, and whether the participant had a history of yellow fever vaccination. The influence of each of these factors on the low or fast viral clearance varied according to the specific body fluid under investigation. Recurrent ZIKV detection events after total viral clearance were observed in the cohort. Our findings provide valuable insights into the persistence and potential recurrence of ZIKV infection, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and follow-up of individuals infected with ZIKV and for effective prevention measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
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1 Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.418068.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 0931)
2 World Health Organization, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.3575.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2163 3745)
3 Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Department of Malaria, Manaus, Brazil (GRID:grid.3575.4); Amazonas State University (UEA), School of Health Sciences, Manaus, Brazil (GRID:grid.412290.c) (ISNI:0000 0000 8024 0602)
4 Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Department of Malaria, Manaus, Brazil (GRID:grid.412290.c)
5 Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Recife, Brazil (GRID:grid.418068.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 0931)
6 Ministry of Health, Department of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections (DATHI), Brasília, Brazil (GRID:grid.414596.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0602 9808)
7 University of Brasilia, Department of Public Health, Brasília, Brazil (GRID:grid.7632.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2238 5157)
8 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Silver Spring, USA (GRID:grid.507680.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2230 3166)
9 Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Flavivirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (GRID:grid.418068.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 0931)