Abstract
This study reports the effects of a computationally informed and avocado-seed mediated Phyto engineered CuS nanoparticles as fertilizing agent on the ionome and amino acid metabolome of Pinto bean seeds using both bench top and ion beam analytical techniques. Physico-chemical analysis of the Phyto engineered nanoparticles with scanning-electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CuS nanoparticles. Molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interaction of some active phytocompounds in avocado seeds that act as reducing agents with the nano-digenite further showed that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid had a higher affinity for interacting with the nanoparticle’s surface than other active compounds. Seeds treated with the digenite nanoparticles exhibited a unique ionome distribution pattern as determined with external beam proton-induced X-ray emission, with hotspots of Cu and S appearing in the hilum and micropyle area that indicated a possible uptake mechanism via the seed coat. The nano-digenite also triggered a plant stress response by slightly altering seed amino acid metabolism. Ultimately, the nano-digenite may have important implications as a seed protective or nutritive agent as advised by its unique distribution pattern and effect on amino acid metabolism.
Graphical abstract
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1 UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Laboratories, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Muckleneuk Ridge, 0003, Pretoria, South Africa (ROR: https://ror.org/048cwvf49) (GRID: grid.412801.e) (ISNI: 0000 0004 0610 3238); Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, 7129, Somerset West, Western Cape Province, South Africa (GRID: grid.462638.d) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0696 719X)
2 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia (ROR: https://ror.org/05njb9z20) (GRID: grid.8954.0) (ISNI: 0000 0001 0721 6013); Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia (ROR: https://ror.org/01hdkb925) (GRID: grid.445211.7)
3 Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia (ROR: https://ror.org/01hdkb925) (GRID: grid.445211.7)
4 School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, 7535, Bellville, South Africa (ROR: https://ror.org/00h2vm590) (GRID: grid.8974.2) (ISNI: 0000 0001 2156 8226)
5 Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Campus of PICI, 60440-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil (ROR: https://ror.org/03srtnf24) (GRID: grid.8395.7) (ISNI: 0000 0001 2160 0329)