Internet of Things-Assisted Vehicle Route Optimization for Municipal Solid Waste Collection

1. Introduction

The upsurge in urban population correlates with a heightened demand for municipal services, placing additional stress on waste management facilities. The increase in city residents invariably leads to a proportional rise in the generation of municipal solid waste, prompting the need for the development of supplementary waste disposal sites to accommodate the amplified volume [1].

The environmental consequences of mounting municipal solid waste (MSW) are substantial, playing a significant role in the exacerbation of climate change [2]. Inadequate waste disposal practices lead to the release of significant quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly methane, as organic waste decomposes in landfills. Moreover, the energy-intensive processes involved in waste treatment and disposal contribute to an increased carbon footprint, intensifying the overall environmental impact. Addressing these challenges through the adoption of sustainable waste management practices is imperative to mitigate adverse environmental effects and reduce the contribution to climate change.

Typical waste collection processes in metropolitan cities involve several key stages [3]. Residents generate waste through daily activities, resulting in the production of household waste comprising various materials. Waste bins or containers are strategically placed in residential areas, commercial districts, and public spaces to facilitate convenient waste disposal. Waste collection schedules are established, specifying the days and times when waste collection vehicles will visit designated areas for pickup. Specialized waste collection vehicles, such as garbage trucks, move through predetermined routes to collect waste from designated bins. In some cases, residents are required to separate their waste into different categories, such as recyclables and non-recyclables. Waste collectors may also perform additional sorting. Collected waste is transported to transfer stations or intermediate facilities, where it may undergo further sorting and processing. Waste is then transported to landfills or recycling facilities, depending on its nature. Recyclables are sent to recycling plants, while non-recyclables may be disposed of in landfills. The final step involves the proper disposal of waste, adhering to environmental regulations and waste management policies. Overall, an effective waste collection process in metropolitan cities integrates strategic planning, scheduled collections, sorting, and proper disposal to ensure the efficient management of diverse types of waste generated by a densely populated urban environment [4].

Advancements in sensors and wireless communications have paved the way for the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) networks...