Akhlāq is one of the vital parts of Islamic teachings, which includes guidelines and moral teachings that direct the moral behavior of Muslims toward Allah, oneself, and others. However, this vital part has received the least attention in measurement. Therefore, the present study aims to develop and validate the Akhlāq scale to measure Akhlāq among Muslim adults. The scale development process included an extensive review of Islamic literature, that is, The Quran and Hadiths, for the identification of dimensions, item generation, and establishing psychometric properties of newly constructed scale through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability, and validity analysis. After exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were completed, the final scale retained four dimensions of Akhlāq: Akhlāq toward Allah, Akhlāq toward oneself, Akhlāq toward others—caring, and Akhlāq toward others—interactions. The psychometric properties of the Akhlāq scale were effectively established, demonstrating that the new measure is a valid and reliable indicator of Akhlāq for Muslim adults.

Religion is a complicated phenomenon that encompasses a wide range of opinions, emotions, and attitudes about life’s challenges and pains. It incorporates one’s beliefs, rituals, and customs (Koenig, 2012). People strongly hold these practices, rituals, and beliefs, and this has a larger impact on how they behave. Observing the influences that religious beliefs have on the behavior of individuals in thought-provoking ways, psychologists started to take a keen interest in the field (Paloutzian & Park, 2005). Freud, Jung, and Allport were among the early psychologists who showed interest in religion. However, Freud was at odds with religion and considered religion a comforting illusion (Cohen & Johnson, 2017; Okon, 2012). The ideas of Allport and Ross (1967) and Jung (1933) were in contradiction to those of Freud. They held that religion provides a person...