MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS STUDY FOR ELEVEN SPECIES BELONGS TO BRASSICACEAE FAMILY IN IRAQ

Abstract

This study was amied to investigate morphological characteristics of pollen grains and fruits for eleven species belonging to the tribe Brassiceae of cruciferae family, species are: Brassica rapa L, Braasica deflexa Boiss., Brassica nigra (L.) brassica juncea(L.), Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Brassica oleracea L., sinapis arvensis L., Hirschfeldia incana(L.), Savignya paraflora(Del.), Raphanus sativus L., Eurca sativa Mill., pollen grains were studied morphologically and all dimentions were recorded. The result of this study showed that most pollen grains are tricolpate, their size varied between small, medium and ornamentation was reticulated. The morphological study of fruits showed a contrast in the ornamentation between reticulate, smooth reticulate and rough reticulate, it's also varied in color, shape and dimensions.

Headnote

ABSTRACT

This study was amied to investigate morphological characteristics of pollen grains and fruits for eleven species belonging to the tribe Brassiceae of cruciferae family, species are: Brassica rapa L, Braasica deflexa Boiss., Brassica nigra (L.) brassica juncea(L.), Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Brassica oleracea L., sinapis arvensis L., Hirschfeldia incana(L.), Savignya paraflora(Del.), Raphanus sativus L., Eurca sativa Mill., pollen grains were studied morphologically and all dimentions were recorded. The result of this study showed that most pollen grains are tricolpate, their size varied between small, medium and ornamentation was reticulated. The morphological study of fruits showed a contrast in the ornamentation between reticulate, smooth reticulate and rough reticulate, it's also varied in color, shape and dimensions.

Keywords:characters,morphological, pollen grains,fruit,scanning electron microscope(SEM)

INTRODUCTION

The Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), or mustard family, is a monophyletic group made up of roughly 338 genera and 3709 species that are found all over the world. It has numerous economically significant decorative and crop species (10, 12). The species in this family have blooms with four sepals, four equal cruciform petals, six stamens (four long and two short), and two parietal placentae in the ovary. The fruit is a capsule with a false septum, which is named as such because it does not actually represent the wall between carpels (2) . It is known as siliqua (8). Most cruciferous plant species, including Brassica olerceae (broccoli), are members of the tribe (Brassiceae). This vegetable crop is extremely high in vitamins A and C, as well as calcium, phosphorus, and iron (20). One of the largest angiosperm families, the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), is easily identified by its floral and fruiting characteristics (14). The family Brassicaceae's morphological traits, particularly those of the fruit seed and cotyledons, are used to classify the 10 recognized tribes into the family's morphological traits. The family was divided into three groups, each made up of a number of tribes, based on the fruit characters Siliquosae, Siliqulosae, and Lomentaeae (20). It was regarded as one of the Brassicaceae tribes with the most distinctive and natural appearance. Conduplicate cotyledons, transversely segmented fruits with seeds or primitive ovules in both segments (heteroarthrocarpic), and, if present, only simple (not stellate, bifid, or branched) trichomes or hairs are morphological characteristics of tribal members. In addition to all the crops classified as belonging to the genus Brassica, this tribe also includes other important genera, such as Diplotaxis, Eruca mill.,Raphanus sativus L. and Sinapis arvensis L.(sources of edible leaves, roots and condiments) (10)(23). As they were primarily used to diagnose the family, fruits in the family are of taxonomic relevance because most systematic prepare the fruits as a foundation for diagnosis (15, 16, 22). Cruciferae family is classified in to 13 Tribes: Arabideae, Stenopetaleae, Schizopetaleae, Hesperideae, Lepidieae, Sisymbrieae, Matthioleae, Brassiceae, Chamireae, Helphiteae, Cremolobeae, Alysseae Drabeae according for most characters important as the fruits(5) The curiferae family is considered one of the economically important families, as some of its species have food uses such as Brassica Oleracea var. capitata and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica rapa, Raphanus Sativus, and Lepidum sativum, while some including ornamental plants, including wild plants, and some types of them have medical importance (3,7).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples Collection: This study was based on fresh sample and same preserved samples from the Baghdad university herbarium (BUH) and National herbarium of Iraq . The work was carried out in the laboratory of Department biology College of Science - University of Baghdad.

Pollen grains study

The pollen grains were taken from mature anthers, opened anther by dissecting needle, and placed on slide. Then was transferred into a clean glass slide and added a drop from safranın - Glycerin, then covered with cover slide according to (4) so the sample is ready for examination. Samples were observed under a compound microscope. ,and measured using 40x, by using an Ocular micrometer and based on 10 readings for each sample.

Fruit study

The number of samples examined ranged from 10-12 seeds of each type, according to their availability, and the following characteristics were studied: shape, color, size, surface configuration, length, width per fruit .This study was carried out with a dissecting microscope, measurements were taken and observations were recorded In addition to the use of the electron microscope to study these species for a more accurate.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pollen grains study: The following result were recorded for pollen grains

1- Size: a_small size: as in species Brassica nigra .Brassica oleracea ,Brassica deflexa,Brassica rapa,Brassica tournefortii, Raphanus sativus b_medium size:as in species Savignya paraflora, hirschfeldia incana , Brassica juncea Size was measured using acompound microscope , the highest measurement resutt of polar view was in Sinapis arvensis with (28,1) whereas the lowest result was found in Raphanus sativus with (18,1) pm Tabal (1) The highest measured result of polar axis was found in Eurca sativa with (30,3) pm whereas the lowest result in Brassica rapa with(20,2), pm in Equatorial axis the highest result in sinapis arvensis(28,2) pm

2- Mesocolpium: The highest rate recorded in Brassica tourfortii (17,7) pm while the lowest rate recorded in Brassica oleracea (4,5) pm

3- Apocolpium: the highest rate recorded in sinapsis arvensis (6, 16) pm while the lowest rate recorded in Raphanus sativus (5, 10) pm

4- Wall thickness: The highest rate recorded in Sinapis arvensis (5,3) pm while the lowest rate recorded in Brsassica oleracea (1,2) pm

5- Colpi: The highest rate recorded of length in Eurca sativa (29, 8) pm while the lowest rate recorded in Brassica rapa (17,5) pm

The highest rate of width colpi in Sinapsis arvensis (8,7) pm while the lowest rate recorded in Eurca sativa (3,9) pm table (1).

6- shape: The forms of pollen were distinguished as flowing

prolate:as in species Eurca sativa

sub prolate: as in Sinapis arvensis,Raphanus sativusjlirschfeldia incana Brassica deflexa Brassica juncea

prolate spheroidaL.Sraxyzca oleracea. ,Bras sica rapa, Savignya par aflora

Opiate spheroidal: Brassica nigra Brassica tounefortii

The pollen grains had Tricolpate in the studied species (1) the sized was between medium and small. The shape varied between prolate and sub prolate,opiate spheroidal,prolate spheroidal surface ornamentation was distinguished by light microscope (EM) its reticulate shape figure(l) the result showed similarity with the general description of the cruciferous grains included in the study species(17) Each of the polar and equatorial axes characteristics are very important to determining the shape of pollen and appearance of tricolpate(14) is evidence that pollen grains belonging to the Brassicaceae family are highly fertile and not sterile(13) Morphological advantage of pollen have the ability to aggregate several classify genera and resolved problems about the ancestry and development of numerous taxa (5) Understanding the links between the main taxonomic orders, and occasionally between genera and species, is crucial to pollen research (19). If palynology, the science of studying pollen grains, is closely related to other related sciences, it is interested in researching everything related to pollen in terms of size, shape, type of ornamentation, presence of holes and grooves, and the extent to which they are used in order to ) solve problems for researchers or experts in the field of classification, as the various models of pollen grains. It gained significant taxonomic significance due to the vaccine, and the difference typically manifests at the level of families, genera, and species (11).One of the largest angiosperm groups is the Crutaceae. or Brassicaceae, and research into this plant in the Iraqi environment has revealed distinct variations in its pollen(21). The family's morphology and anatomy have previously been discussed in a few references(13).

Fruit study: The study of the fruits belonging to the Brassicaceae family included measuring the dimensions of the fruit, its color, surface ornamentation and dimensions length of peak and pedical of fruit and the shape mostly elongated and mostly colors was light brown, ornamentation was reticulate as shown by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) figure (2 A.B.C,D), During the study the highest rate length apperd in Brassica tournefortii(ß5, 32) mm while the lowest length in Savignya paraflora (21,8) mm. The highest rate width in Savignya paraflora (5.5) mm while the lowest in Brassica nigra (1,95) mm„the highest rate length of peak was in species Raphanus sativus (15,2) mm while lowest rate in Hirschfeldia incana (2,74) mm Tabal (2). The disappearance of the seeds in peak of species excepted in Brassica tourinfortii have one or two seed (20).

Sidebar

Received: 15/4/2022, Accepted: 24/7/2022

References

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