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Abstract
Rock mass erosion downstream of dams and hydraulic structures has been as a significant concern for dam safety. This study offers a comprehensive review of erosion mechanisms and assessment methods in the context of potential rock mass erosion. Various theoretical, semi-theoretical, semi-analytical, and numerical approaches are examined, with semi-theoretical methods establishing correlations between fluid flow intensity and rock resistive capacity, and semi-analytical methods focusing on the interaction between rock mass and water. While numerical methods provide insights, they present challenges in defining the erosive parameter and applying hydraulic parameters to spillway surfaces. Notably, the consideration of rock surface irregularities' effect on the hydraulic erosive parameter has been lacking. To address this gap, the study investigates the influence of surface irregularities in unlined dam spillways on hydraulic parameters. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to analyze 25 configurations of spillway surface irregularities and their impact on pressure, shear stress, flow velocity, and energy. Findings reveal that irregularities affect these hydraulic parameters, with increased irregularity height leading to decreased maximum velocity, total pressure, and shear stress, while total energy loss and vulnerability to erosion increase. Following the examination of irregularity effects, the study focuses on the accuracy of the existing unit stream power dissipation (USPD) equation for predicting energy dissipation rates in unlined dam spillways. An improved equation for USPD is proposed, considering surface irregularities and the geometry of unlined spillways. Geometrical parameters and surface irregularities are found to influence the equation's accuracy, and modifications are suggested to enhance its predictive capabilities, resulting in improved estimates of energy dissipation rates. These advancements have practical implications for spillway design and maintenance, promoting the development of safer and more efficient water management systems. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into erosion mechanisms, assessment methods, the influence of surface irregularities, and enhancements to the USPD equation for evaluating rock mass erosion in unlined spillways. These findings enhance our understanding of erosion processes and facilitate more accurate assessments for the design and management of hydraulic structures.





