Screening and Characterization of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Chronic Kidney Disease Patients of Warangal

Introduction

Millions of people globally are impacted by the global health issue known as chronic kidney disease (CKD). During time, there is a cumulative and permanent decrease of kidney function, which causes waste materials and fluid to build up in the body. In the ageing population, the increase in chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension, as well as other variables including environmental pollution and lifestyle habits, are all contributing to an increase in the prevalence of CKD, which is correlated with substantial mortality and morbidity ^1,2.

Recent research has demonstrated that CKD, which affects an estimated 10% of adults worldwide, is a serious global health issue³. By 2040, it is anticipated that CKD, would rank as the 5^th leading cause of death globally³. Dialysis with CKD is a multifactorial disease with many risk factors, such as age, sex or race, genetic makeup, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. Also, it is a major contributor to coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, and stroke. It is also linked to a higher likelihood of other chronic conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and cancer⁴. Obesity, smoking, a poor diet, inactivity, and exposure to pollutants from the environment are other CKD risk factors^4,5.

Moreover, CKD can lead to mental decline, sadness, and a diminished standard of living⁴. Individuals with CKD frequently have impaired immune systems, making them more prone to bacterial infections. The rise in (MDR) has, regrettably, made it more difficult to treat these infections, which has increased the mortality and morbidity rates^6,7.

The MDR bacteria are those that are challenging to eradicate with traditional antibiotic therapy because they are resistant to a minimum of three distinct groups of antimicrobial drugs. CKD patients who have previously compromised immune systems and/or have had kidney transplants are at an increased risk of developing infections, making these germs a serious hazard to them⁸. According to previous studies, CKD patients had higher rates of MDR bacteria than the general population, with infections of the urinary tract representing the most common infection type⁹.

A multidisciplinary strategy, including the utilisation of infection control procedures, antimicrobial stewardship programmes, and customised treatment plans, is necessary for the treatment of MDR...