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Abstract
Four common Patrinia species, including P. heterophylla, P. monandra, P. scabiosifolia and P. villosa, have been documented as herbal medicines with various clinical applications, such as anti-cancer, anti-diarrhea and sedative. However, the authentication of medicinal Patrinia species poses a problem, particularly with the processed herbal materials. This study aimed to systematically authenticate the four medicinal Patrinia species in the market using morphological and chemical characterization, as well as DNA markers. We found the species identity authenticated by traditional morphologies were in good agreement with both chemical and molecular results. The four species showed species-specific patterns in chromatographic profiles with distinct chemical markers. We also revealed the power of complete chloroplast genomes in species authentication. The sequences of targeted loci, namely atpB, petA, rpl2-rpl23 and psaI-ycf4, contained informative nucleotides for the species differentiation. Our results also facilitate authentication of medicinal Patrinia species using new DNA barcoding markers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the application of morphology, chemical fingerprinting, complete chloroplast genomes and species-specific Insertion-Deletions (InDels) in differentiating Patrinia species. This study reported on the power of a systematic, multidisciplinary approach in authenticating medicinal Patrinia species.
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1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482)
2 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Chinese Medicine, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, State Key Laboratory of Research On Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482)
3 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shiu-Ying Hu Herbarium, School of Life Sciences, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482)
4 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482)
5 The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.506261.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 7839)
6 Hong Kong Baptist University, School of Chinese Medicine, Kowloon Tong, China (GRID:grid.221309.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1764 5980)
7 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Chinese Medicine, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, State Key Laboratory of Research On Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The University of Hong Kong, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy & School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, China (GRID:grid.194645.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 2757)
8 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Chinese Medicine, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482); The Chinese University of Hong Kong, State Key Laboratory of Research On Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, New Territories, China (GRID:grid.10784.3a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0482)