ABSTRACT
Purpose: To identify the main patterns of wildlife usage, the consumption of the meat of these animals in the country, and the primary reasons driving individuals engaging in this activity, in order to understand the patterns of usage of these wild vertebrates in the major regions of Brazil. Method/design/approach: This is an integrative literature review with a descriptive and qualitative approach, conducted on the following databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, CAPES Journals, and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) between the years 2012 and 2022. Results and conclusion: Through the conducted searches, it was found that the use of animals for medicinal, dietary, domestication, or economic purposes dates back to prehistoric times when humans began harnessing nature to heal their ailments. The earliest evidence of the use of medicinal plants dates back to around 60,000 BC when cave dwellers used leaves, roots, and tree barks to treat wounds and illnesses. Research implications: The research highlights that the practice of using animals for medicinal, dietary, and cultural purposes dates back to prehistoric times. This underscores the long history of this relationship between humans and fauna. The research emphasizes the rich biodiversity of Brazil, harboring a wide variety of animal species. However, it also underscores the threats faced by this biodiversity, including deforestation, urbanization, and illegal hunting. Originality/value: The research addresses a complex topic that involves ecology, biodiversity, culture, economics, and legislation. This multidisciplinary approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of issues related to the exploitation of wildlife.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Species, Wildlife Exploitation, Wild Vertebrates.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Identificar os principais padrôes de uso da fauna silvestre, o consumo da carne desses animais no país e os principais motivos que levam os individuos praticantes da atividade realizá-la e assim conhecer os padrôes do uso desses vertebrados silvestres ñas grandes regiőes brasileiras. Método: Trata-se de urna revisao integrativa da literatura, com carácter de estudo descritivo e abordagem qualitativa, em que foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Google Académico, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Periódicos CAPES e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) entre os anos de 2012 e 2022. Resultados e conclusâo: Mediante as buscas realizadas, verificou-se que o uso de animais para fins medicináis, alimentar, domesticaçao ou económico remonta aos tempos pré-históricos, quando os seres humanos começaram a utilizar a natureza para curar suas enfermidades. As primeiras evidencias do uso de plantas medicináis datam de cerca de 60.000 a.C., quando os homens das cavernas utilizavam folhas, raizes e cascas de árvores para tratar feridas e doenças. Implicaçöes da pesquisa: A pesquisa destaca que a prática de usar animais para fins medicináis, alimentares e culturáis remonta ha tempos pré-históricos. Isso ressalta a longa historia dessa relaçao entre seres humanos e fauna. A pesquisa enfatiza a rica biodiversidade do Brasil, abrigando urna grande variedade de especies animais. No entanto, também destaca as ameaças enfrentadas por essa biodiversidade, incluindo o desmatamento, a urbanizaçao e a çaça ilegal. Originalidade/valor: A pesquisa aborda um tema complexo que envolve ecología, biodiversidade, cultura, economia e legislaçao. Essa abordagem multidisciplinar permite urna compreensâo mais completa das questőes relacionadas à exploraçâo da fauna.
Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade, Especies, Exploraçâo da Fauna, Vertebrados Silvestres.
1 INTRODUCTION
Human societies since ancient times have established complex relationships with wild animals, mainly using them for meat and other by-products, and they constitute a significant part of their daily life and sociocultural repertoire (SANTOS FITA; COSTA-NETO et al. 2007; KALOF; REST, 2007; ALVES; SOUTO, 2010). The use of faunal resources has stimulated the practice of hunting, an activity that has spread among different human cultures, perpetuating itself to the present times (ALVES; SOUTO, 2015).
Historically, wild animals have always been hunted by humans, either for their utility value or to defend themselves against large predators (ALVES, 2012). Currently, wildlife and wildlife products have been used in various regions of the world, including Brazil, for food, trade, zootherapy, clothing, religious magic, conflict and even pets (ALVES et al. 2018; ALVES, 2012; ALVES; VAN VLIET, 2018; POLICARPO et al. 2018, 2019; SOUTO et al. 2017; OLIVEIRA et al. 2017; ALVES et al. 2013; FERNANDES-FERREIRA et al. 2012).
The use of wildlife for human consumption, known as hunting and wildlife consumption, has been around for thousands of years and is still common in some parts of the world. However, it is important to analyze this practice in the light of conservation and sustainability issues, as indiscriminate consumption of wild animals can have negative impacts on populations and ecosystems (CABEZA, et al., 2017).
Although the use of wild animals in food is a culturally entrenched practice in many communities, it is critical to pursue conservation approaches that balance human needs and species preservation (FA; CURRIE; MEEUWIG; FISHER, 2003).
The trade in and unsustainable consumption of wild animals for food is one of the main threats to biodiversity in Asia. A consumer focus is needed to reduce demand and promote sustainable alternatives (BRASHARES; GOLDEN; WEINBAUM, 2011).
The consumption of wild animals in food in rural areas of Africa is influenced by socioeconomic and geographical factors. Understanding these aspects is essential to develop effective conservation strategies that take into account the needs of local communities (VAN VLIET; QUICENO-MESA; CRUZ-ANTIA, 2020).
The indiscriminate use of wild animals can lead to declining populations and ecosystem degradation, unbalance ecological interactions and cascade effects on ecosystems. Many species are hunted in excess, without respecting reproductive cycles and population regeneration capabilities. In addition, illegal and unregulated hunting can have negative impacts on biodiversity and contribute to the illegal trade in animals (WILKIE; CARPENTER; ZHANG, 2001).
In the context of conservation and sustainability, there are discussions on the regulation of hunting, the creation of reserves and protected areas, and the promotion of sustainable food alternatives. Scientific studies have addressed these issues, providing evidence and perspectives for decision-making.
Currently, the hunting, use, capture, trade or domestication of wild species has seen a significant increase in the numbers of government agencies that survey this type of activity.
In the light of the above, the research aimed at identifying the main patterns of use of wild fauna, the consumption of the meat of these animals in the country and the main reasons that lead the individuals who practice the activity to carry it out, and thus to get to know patterns of use of wild vertebrates in the major Brazilian regions.
To carry out the research, the main digital platforms for scientific research searched for articles about the uses, consumption and trade of wildlife in Brazil, where a search for publications was determined between the years 2012 to 2022.
2 THEORETICAL FRAME
Hunting is one of the most common activities of the exploration of wild vertebrates in Brazil, practiced in the various biomes and regions of the country in a lesser or greater proportion. In the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Caatinga, hunting plays an important socio-economic and nutritional role for various urban and rural communities that use wildlife as a food source, besides providing a symbolic, medicinal and cultural representation.
According to Peres (2000), about 23 million wild animals are hunted per year in the Amazon. In the forest regions inhabited by traditional populations, their main means of subsistence are in natural resources, among them the extraction of fauna. Accordingly, it should be pointed out that the hunting of wild animals has been one of the main factors that affect the density of animal populations, in particular those of large size, such as mammals.
The fauna of the semi-arid northeast plays a vital role in the livelihood of the local populations, providing protein and other resources essential for the survival of the communities (ALBUQUERQUE et al., 2012). The unregulated use of wild animals in the semi-arid may lead to a decrease in populations and the threat of vulnerable species, negatively impacting regional biodiversity (ALVES et al., 2019).
In this context, ethnozoological studies on hunting and regional uses of animals contribute to the wildlife being properly valued, not only from an ecological point of view, but also from an economic and social point of view, as well as providing subsidies for implementing environmental management and conservation of species based on a social reality (LEE et al., 2014; VAN VLIET et al., 2015; VAN VLIET, 2011).
The hunting of wild animals is often motivated by the need for subsistence in areas where scarce resources make life difficult for rural populations (COSTA-NETO, 2005). In this way, promoting sustainable hunting and responsible use of natural resources is essential for the conservation of fauna in the Northeastern Semi-arid (RAPOSO et al., 2016).
Local communities in the Semiarid region have a vast traditional knowledge about fauna and its management techniques, which can contribute to conservation strategies (SOUTO et al., 2019). An integrated approach combining effective regulations with sustainable development programs is needed to address the hunting and use of wild animals in the semi-arid (SANTOS-FITA et al., 2018).
In this sense, environmental education programs are key to raising communities' awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and promoting sustainable practices (SOUSA et al., 2015). In a context of climate change, understanding how local communities interact with fauna in the Semi-Arid is crucial to promoting resilience and adaptation (ALBUQUERQUE et al., 2018).
Continuous research on the hunting and use of wild animals in the semi-arid northeast is essential to inform policies and practices that balance human needs with the conservation of biodiversity (ALVES et al., 2021).
3 METHOD
It is an integrative literature review, with a descriptive study character and qualitative approach, in which it was carried out in the following databases: Google Academic, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Periodicals CAPES and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) between the years 2012 and 2022.
Thus, it should be noted that during the searches performed, keywords and descriptors were used in three languages: Spanish, English and Portuguese (Table 01).
Likewise, it should be noted that the inclusion criteria adopted during the research were: complete articles, available in full, coming from the Portuguese language, English and Spanish, that had a connection with the theme addressed and produced in the periods from 2012 to June 2023. Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria employed were incomplete articles, without any connection with the theme and that did not meet the required time line.
It should be noted that for the guidance of literary investigations, it was necessary to formulate the following guiding question: "What are the main repercussions of the use of Brazilian fauna for food, domestication, economic and medicinal use?".
Based on this, it is worth noting that for the construction of the work it was necessary to adopt the structure focused on 8 stages arranged as follows: 1) Definition of the theme, 2) Elaboration of the guiding question, 3) Definition of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the direction of the research to be carried out, 4) Definition of the databases, for the carrying out of the scientific searches, 5) Selection of the articles that fit the theme, 6) Analysis of the studies in the final qualitative stage, 7) Interpretation of the data obtained and 8) Exposition of the thematic approach.
Thus, initially, 8,415 results were found, without adding the filters. However, after the application of the inclusive parameters, the number of findings was reduced to 5,249 studies, and of these, the titles resulting from the databases were read and those that did not match the theme were excluded, leaving only the articles for the sample in the final qualitative synthesis.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Socioeconomic factors influencing the exploitation of wildlife
It was observed when analyzing the selected articles that the practice of predatory hunting, although illegal under Brazilian environmental legislation, persists as a worrying reality, especially in regions of low income and environmental challenges, such as the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. These biomes represent vast areas of the national territory and house a significant part of the Brazilian population, often facing adverse conditions, which may intensify the pressure on natural resources.
Despite legal restrictions, the exploitation of wild animals for food purposes still occurs throughout the country, highlighting the complexity of conservation challenges. Ethnozoological studies show that subsistence hunting emerges as the main reason behind biodiversity exploitation, providing not only food but also an essential source of protein for local communities. In addition, hunting often plays an important role in generating income for these families, which adds a socioeconomic dimension to this practice.
Predatory hunting becomes even more common in low-income regions and adverse environmental conditions, typical of the Caatinga and Cerrado biomes, which cover 13% of the national territory and 18% of the population of Brazil that lives in semi-arid regions (CORDEIRO, 2018; ALVES et al., 2012; MOREIRA, 2006). Hunting activity, despite being an illegal practice under Brazilian legislation, prohibited by the Brazilian Environmental Crimes Law (n° 9.605, 1998), the exploitation of wild animals as a food resource persists and occurs in all Brazilian biomes (ALVES et al., 2009; MENDONÇA et al., 2016: ALVES & SOUTO, 2011; SOUTO et al., 2019).
Ethnozoological studies point out that subsistence hunting is the main reason for the exploitation of biodiversity, besides being an important source of protein, it is also an important source of income for local families (SOUTO et al., 2019; ALVES et al., 2009; ALVES et al., 2012; BARBOSA, J. et al., 2011; BARBOSA, R. et al., 2013). However, in addition to hunting for meat, Souto et al. (2019) reports the existence of sport hunting in the Middle North region of Brazil. In a similar study, El Bizri et al. (2015) also registered young people involved in the hunting activity, but in a sporting and cultural character, without the real need for subsistence or the money coming from the sale of the specimens.
Generally speaking, Latin America participates actively in the trade in wild animals, a practice that generates billions of dollars a year (ROE et al., 2008) especially with regard to the group of birds, since the neotropics have more species than any other part of the globe, with about 4,000 species (SMITH et al., 2014). Among the countries where the commercialization of birds is a widespread practice, Brazil and Mexico stand out, since they possess great biological diversity and a great territorial extension, which makes monitoring and inspection difficult on the part of the environmental defense organs. Another determinant point are socioeconomic factors, since the practice of illegal marketing of wild birds is a source of income for the people involved (SARUKHAN, 2012).
It is now known that the marketing chain for neotropical birds extends to other Latin American countries, such as Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina (ROLDAN-CLARA et al., 2014). Inefficient border controls are a key factor in the distribution potential of species traded and transported illegally between these countries (ROLDAN-CLARA, 2015).
In order to better characterize the current scenario of the avifauna trade in Latin America, it is necessary to carry out more ethnoornithological studies, which are currently more concentrated in the most populous regions of Brazil and Mexico (ROLDAN-CLARA et al., 2014). Ethnoornithological studies (ROCHA et al., 2006; ALVES et al., 2016) show that the main groups of birds traded are members of the order: Passeriformes, being one of the main order of birds traded in the Northeast region of Brazil, (SOUTO et al., 2017). Other orders commonly found in the illegal bird trade are: Psitaciformes, Columbiformes and Piciformes (REGUEIRA & BERNARD, 2012).
With respect to families, most commonly cited in the poultry trade chains are: Thraupidae, Icteridae, Turdidae, Columbidae, Psitacidae, Icteridae and Cardinalidae (REGUEIRA & BERNARD, 2012; FARIAS & ALVES, 2007; ALVES et
al, 2012). Among these families, the one that suffers most anthropic pressure, Psitacidae stands out, thanks to the well developed phonator device, which provides these birds with the ability to imitate, skill is much appreciated by man (LICARIÄO et al., 2013). Among the main species of birds traded illegally were: Turdus rufiventris, Sporophila lineola, Sporophila nigricollis, Sporophila plumbea, Gnorimopsar chopi, Icterus jamacaii, Columbina talpacti, Columbina squammata, Paroaria dominicana and Amazona aestiva (ALVES et ak, 2013).
Thanks to this overexploitation, some species of birds have already become extinct in the wild, being specimens found only in captivity, as is the case of Cyanopsitta spixii (ALVES et al., 2013). In addition to marketing, some birds can be used for other purposes (ROCHA et al., 2006), such as putting examples of birds of the Tinamidae, Cracidae and Columbidae families, which are commonly used for food purposes in some states of Northeast Brazil (REGUEIRA & BERNARD, 2012; ROCHA et al., 2006; BARBOSA et al., 2010). Consequently, it is no surprise that there is a great diversity of bird-catching techniques in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil (BEZERRA et al., 2012).
An important factor in the choice of which technique is used by the catchers is the purpose of the catch, that is, whether the bird will be used as a pet, commercially or for feeding (BEZERRA et al., 2012; FERNANDES-FERREIRA et al., 2012; NÓBEGRA et al., 2012). Therefore, knowing the strategies frequently used by hunters employed in the capture of fauna is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the purposes of exploitation of natural resources, mainly in the field of hunting, being very useful in the elaboration of conservation measures (ALVES et al., 2009).
4.2 Choice of Captured Species and Maintenance of Captive Birds
Due to the great economic and cultural importance of birds for humans, they are often captured and kept in the residences for different reasons, among them for companionship (especially song birds), ornamentation, ability to imitate human speech, popular beliefs and feeding (ALVES et al., 2013; BEZERRA et al., 2013; VÁSQUEZ-DÁVILA et al., 2014; OLIVEIRA et al., 2018).
Zardo et al. (2016) some factors are determinant for the choice of species taken from nature and subsequently marketed or kept as pets, among them the diversity of colors, singing ability, ease of maintenance. Other aspects are also important in the choice of the bird, such as the sex of the animal and the abundance of the species found in nature, being the rarer the bird, the greater its commercial value (RIBEIRO et al., 2007; FERREIRA et al., 2012; SILVA et al., 2015). Aspects such as variety of species plumage coloration, size, ease of maintenance, and transport are determinant for the choice and maintenance of captive birds, so the order Passeriformes is commonly kept as pets in residence throughout Brazil (SOUTO et al., 2017; OLIVEIRA et al., 2018; ALVES et al., 2009).
People who participate directly in the wild bird trade, acting as captors, sellers or buyers, are endowed with knowledge about the biology of the birds, as well as habitats, nutrition and abiotic components (ROLDAN- CLARA et al., 2017), knowledge that is important for the success of the sale of the birds, preventing them from dying in captive conditions. Such traditional knowledge about wild birds merits the attention of ornithologists, since they can serve as a basis for new research and transform themselves into new scientific knowledge (TOLEDO, 2006; NASCIMENTO et al., 2015).
The maintenance of wild birds as pets is strongly linked to cultural issues and is therefore a major challenge for the development of conservation actions and sustainable management plans (ROLDÀN-CLARÀ et al., 2017; TEIXEIRA et al., 2014; HARRIS et al., 2016).
It is of fundamental importance to consider sociocultural aspects in nature conservation development, always involving local communities in the discussion (BEZERRA et al., 2013; SOARES et al., 2018; GAMA et al., 2008).
4.3 Relationship between the Illegal Trade in Birds and the Abundance of Birds and their Implications for the Conservation of Avifauna
Illegal trade in wild animals involves about one third of bird species worldwide (HARRIS et al., 2016; RAGHAVAN et al., 2013). Besides being an important source of income for those involved, the trade in animals is linked to cultural issues, becoming a threat to biodiversity (ALVES et al., 2016). Ornithological studies have shown a decrease in the abundance of bird species (MARINI et al., 2014; GONÇALVES et al., 2017; TIDEMANN et al., 2010; NASCIMENTO et al., 2015) that is linked to habitat loss and anthropic pressure directed at the capture, maintenance and marketing of birds (BEZERRA et al., 2013). The price at which a particular species is sold also becomes an important variable, since the more expensive the bird, the greater the effort of hunters to seize it, this consequently results in a decrease in the population of that species (HARRIS et al., 2016; BURIVALOVA et al., 2017).
It is remarkable that the practice of capturing and marketing birds persists, even though this activity is recognized by the captors themselves as illegal and harmful to bird populations (ROCHA et al., 2006). The main reasons for this dissemination, according to Alves et al. (2013) in addition to the breeding/marketing of birds being a cultural issue, it is important to highlight the fragility of the current legislation in the country, which is considered inappropriate and out of date.
Alongside animal trafficking, there are other threats that cause damage to avifauna, such as the unbridled deforestation of biomes such as the Cerrado and Caatinga for the construction of pastures for livestock, farming fields or generated by the disorderly process of urbanization, which favors the loss of habitat and consequently the population decrease, not only of bird species, but also of other groups of wild animals (SOUSA & ALVES, 2014).
In order to alleviate the problem, it is necessary to integrate the conservation of natural resources and the needs of man, taking into account sociocultural and economic factors (FERNANDES-FERREIRA et al., 2010). To achieve this balance, it is necessary to implement public policies aimed at intervention measures for the conservation of biodiversity, as well as: greater investment in environmental education, mainly aimed at children since the first grades. Another important change would be updating the current legislation, facilitating and encouraging the process of legalized breeding, being properly supervised, besides campaigns in the media showing the high mortality rate of trapped birds, as well as risks of transmission of diseases to human beings (NASCIMENTO et al., 2015).
4.4 Wild Birds Used in Traditional Medicine
The use of wild animals for medicinal purposes is an ancient practice and widely spread throughout the world, especially in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, and alongside predatory hunting is a threat to biodiversity, especially of vertebrates (POLICARPO et al., 2018; SOUSA et al., 2014; FERREIRA et al., 2013; NASI et al., 2011).
Zootherapy from wild animals represents an important source of income for hunters, as well as being the most accessible form of access to medicines, in some cases there is a certain preference on the part of the population, especially the low income one (ALVES et al., 2011; COSTA-NETO & ALVES, 2010).
The use of biodiversity as traditional medicines has been registered in several parts of the world, which reinforces the importance of animals and plants used in ethnopharmacology (OLIVEIRA et al., 2017; POLICARPO et al., 2018; AGRA et al., 2007; ALBUQUERQUE et al., 2014; WHITING et al., 2013). In countries with great biological diversity, the use of animals for medicinal purposes becomes even more common, such as Brazil, Mexico and Bolivia, (ALVES et al., 2016). Soares et al., (2018) showed that the main diseases treated with medicine from birds in the state of Paraiba are: snake bite, gastritis, asthma, bronchitis, lack of appetite, among others.
The species used in the combat of these diseases are respectively: Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825), Columbina picui (Temminck, 1813), Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821), Columbina talpacti (Temminck, 1811). Other studies have also recorded the use of these species as zootherapeutics (ALVES et al., 2011; ALVES et al., 2007; BEZERRA et al., 2013; COSTA-NETO & ALVES, 2010).
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Predatory hunting and illegal trade in wild animals pose significant challenges to the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainability of local communities, with a complex landscape encompassing economic, cultural and environmental factors. The exploitation of animals for medicinal, food, cultural and economic purposes is an ancestral tradition that dates back to prehistoric times and is deeply rooted in diverse cultures around the world.
However, the impact of these activities on fauna is alarming, contributing to the decline in bird and other species populations in various regions. Socioeconomic factors, such as low income and adverse conditions, often exacerbate pressure on natural resources and encourage predatory hunting and illegal wildlife trade.
Brazil's biodiversity, home to a rich variety of animal species, faces increasing threats, including deforestation, urbanization and pollution. To address these challenges, the implementation of effective public policies, environmental awareness, strengthened enforcement and the involvement of local communities in conservation strategies are crucial.
The relationship between traditional medicine and the use of wild animals is complex. Although traditional knowledge may be valuable for science, the uncontrolled exploitation of species for medicinal purposes may harm biodiversity. It is essential to strike a balance between preserving wildlife and maintaining cultural practices, while also considering the sustainability of the species used.
In this context, scientific research, public awareness, implementation of laws and the involvement of local communities play crucial roles in mitigating the impacts of predatory hunting, illegal wildlife trade and medical exploitation. Only through coordinated efforts and holistic approaches will it be possible to guarantee the conservation of the rich Brazilian biodiversity for present and future generations.
ACKNOELEDGEMENTS
We thank the Foundation for the Support of Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhao - FAPEMA, for the grant of the master's scholarship to the first author and to the Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity, Environment and Health - PPGBAS/UEMA/ Campus Caxias.
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Abstract
Objetivo: Identificar os principais padrôes de uso da fauna silvestre, o consumo da carne desses animais no país e os principais motivos que levam os individuos praticantes da atividade realizá-la e assim conhecer os padrôes do uso desses vertebrados silvestres ñas grandes regiőes brasileiras. Método: Trata-se de urna revisao integrativa da literatura, com carácter de estudo descritivo e abordagem qualitativa, em que foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Google Académico, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Periódicos CAPES e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) entre os anos de 2012 e 2022. Resultados e conclusâo: Mediante as buscas realizadas, verificou-se que o uso de animais para fins medicináis, alimentar, domesticaçao ou económico remonta aos tempos pré-históricos, quando os seres humanos começaram a utilizar a natureza para curar suas enfermidades. As primeiras evidencias do uso de plantas medicináis datam de cerca de 60.000 a.C., quando os homens das cavernas utilizavam folhas, raizes e cascas de árvores para tratar feridas e doenças. Implicaçöes da pesquisa: A pesquisa destaca que a prática de usar animais para fins medicináis, alimentares e culturáis remonta ha tempos pré-históricos. Isso ressalta a longa historia dessa relaçao entre seres humanos e fauna. A pesquisa enfatiza a rica biodiversidade do Brasil, abrigando urna grande variedade de especies animais. No entanto, também destaca as ameaças enfrentadas por essa biodiversidade, incluindo o desmatamento, a urbanizaçao e a çaça ilegal. Originalidade/valor: A pesquisa aborda um tema complexo que envolve ecología, biodiversidade, cultura, economia e legislaçao. Essa abordagem multidisciplinar permite urna compreensâo mais completa das questőes relacionadas à exploraçâo da fauna.