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Improper maintenance and negligence, the tyres will affect the handling quality of the vehicle, performance of the vehicle and fuel efficiency and sometimes it may even lead to an accident. Hence, this project is to provide a system, which monitors the tyre pressure regularly along with real-time graphs and also this system is capable of self-inflating the tyres. In order to prevent human loss at the time of an accident in remote areas, a GPS crash detection system is also included separately. These systems are connected via the Internet of Things (loT) using Arduino UNO and node MCU ESP 8266. The microprocessors have pre-set data fed into the system to continuously monitor the air pressure of the tyre as per the manufacturer s recommendation. The mechanism will automatically inflate the tyres to the prescribed limit if there is any pressure loss in the system.
ABSTRACT:
Improper maintenance and negligence, the tyres will affect the handling quality of the vehicle, performance of the vehicle and fuel efficiency and sometimes it may even lead to an accident. Hence, this project is to provide a system, which monitors the tyre pressure regularly along with real-time graphs and also this system is capable of self-inflating the tyres. In order to prevent human loss at the time of an accident in remote areas, a GPS crash detection system is also included separately. These systems are connected via the Internet of Things (loT) using Arduino UNO and node MCU ESP 8266. The microprocessors have pre-set data fed into the system to continuously monitor the air pressure of the tyre as per the manufacturer s recommendation. The mechanism will automatically inflate the tyres to the prescribed limit if there is any pressure loss in the system.
KEYWORDS: Inflation; Tyres; Crash detection system; Arduino UNO; Internet of things
1. Introduction
The tyre, which serves as the car's primary point of contact with the road. They tend to become the most wear and tearable component of a vehicle. Most people underestimate the important role of these tyres and neglect to maintain them. Regular usage of vehicles over a period of 15 days approximately can cause a few psi (1-2 psi) of tyre pressure loss. This makes the tyre under-inflated. In India, most people fail to look at their OE-specified tyre pressure and fill their tyres accordingly. This is due to most people inflating their tyres at their fuelling stations [1, 2]. There the air filling system doesn't have a specified list for all types of vehicles. Instead, they fill all tyres with average pressure for all types of vehicles. Apollo tyre started its Apollo Safe Drive program in 2006 to educate and raise awareness of the benefits of proper tyre care for car and commercial vehicle users. To date, the program has run over 626 campaigns across India, reaching nearly 85,000 customers directly. In 50 largest Indian cities, they examined 36,000 tyres on 9,000 passenger automobiles for six months. The percentage of cars with tyres that met OE recommendations was only 22%. About 44% of car tyres were inflated too much. The remaining 34% had under inflation. This data was collected from cross-sections of people driving cars at housing associations, gas stations, commercial buildings and highways during the morning or evening hours when the tyres were cold and properly inflated.
The ПТ-Delhi Transportation Research & Injury Prevention Program estimates that road fatalities in India are increasing by 8% annually, costing 3% of India's GDP. Mohan et al [3] composed a proper prototype on a tyre inflation system which can inflate the tyre automatically. Since the friction between the wheels' tyres and the road surface increases as tyre pressure increases, the fuel efficiency of the car is also influenced by this factor. They employed 12V DC compressor, rotary joints and a 0-100 psi pressure sensor. Adding to that roller bearings made up of carbon steel and a non-return valve which allows the air towards only one side are also used. As an overview of the project the main difference here can be noticed is they have set two limits (an upper limit of 30psi and a lower limit of 20psi) The system will inflate the tyre only when the pressure reaches the lower limit and will inflate until the pressure reaches the upper limit. Dilshani et al [4] has designed a system which as needed, has a specialised unit for adding air. The brain of the system is a control unit, which is a PIC microcontroller. The threshold value is displayed on a display as the driver monitors the pressure level. Then it's in the hands of the driver whether he needs to refill or not. The air filling is done by the compact 12V pump. Adding to that this system has another objective that is to detect the puncture in the tyre and gives a warning to the driver. The puncture in the tyre is known by the system using two-way.
The sudden deflation or reduction of air pressure in the tyre and the system calculates the ON time of the pump which inflates the tyre. The system interprets it as a puncture if the pump is turned on for an extended period of time and the tyre pressure doesn't rise. Roy et al [5] worked on an IOT-based project which detects the collision of the vehicle and sends an SOS message spontaneously to the family members and all nearby emergency services. The gadget comprises a microcontroller unit, an accelerometer, a GSM module and a GPS device. It identifies the accident as a whole and transmits the SOS. They have also developed an application for this system to be interlinked with the loT device. This device collects and saves the location data of the vehicle every 3 seconds, an interruption will trigger the system when it detects an accident which immediately sends the location of the vehicle to the family members whose details are given as emergency contact, nearest hospital and police station. Parida et al [7] depicted the concept of tyre inflation system automatically and also experimented by making a working model. The model includes a 12V 80psi (5.516bar) compressor, a rotary joint, a pressure sensor that measures pressures between 0 and 100 psi, a bearing, an 18-tooth chain sprocket, a shaft, a frame, an auto rickshaw wheel, hoses, a pressure gauge for manually checking the pressure and a 12V DC motor with a lOOrpm. The battery serves as the system's main power source, but it is divided into two 12V batteries so that one powers the compressor and other small electronic devices while the other is entirely wired to the motor. The compressor stops inflating the tyre when it reaches the upper limit and it stops inflating when it reaches the lower limit thanks to the controller circuit's upper and lower limits.
Li et al [6] proposes a real-time vehicle collision detection system using bounding box methodology and an alert system. The aim of the system is to reduce accidents and save lives by detecting accidents through cameras, alerting the authorities and transmitting the location via a GSM module. The paper highlights the importance of such a system, especially with the increasing number of cars and transportation risks. Using data from security cameras, the suggested system uses deep learning to identify accidents in real time. The approach is trained on normal videos and data and is validated using a large-scale anomaly dataset consisting of various real-world accidents. The proposed system's input involves capturing an accident through a camera, converting the footage into frames, pre-processing the frames to remove noise or distortion and then detecting whether an accident has occurred using a machine learning system called AlexNet. The notification of the results of the detection phase is sent to the authorities through a GSM module.
The proposed system's effectiveness is evaluated and the results show better accuracy compared to other baseline systems. The existing systems comes with a monitoring system which indicates only when the tyre pressure is low. It does not even show the real-time tyre pressure. Since sometimes there may be a drastic change in pressure due to punctures. People may think of it as a normal pressure drop and drive it carelessly ending up in an unfortunate situation [7, 17]. Sometimes, due to instability, there can also be a chance of an accident. It provides real-time data to monitor the pressure drop seamlessly in a graphical and numerical representation. This shows us if in case of a sudden pressure drop rapidly, allowing us to understand punctured tyres. Along with it, the attached pump can be used to inflate the tyres immediately via a tap of a button on the smartphones in the same tyre pressure monitoring user interface.
2. Components used
To demonstrate this experiment, Bajaj Pulsar 150 rear wheel is used. It uses Ceat tyres of size 100/90 - 17. The 12V DC air compressor is a compact air compressor. DC air compressor can be attached to the tyres directly without any complex design. Since a prototype is only built, the air inflation hose can be fixed and routed to the tyre without any disturbance. The air pressure sensor is a contact-type air pressure sensor. Since the type of pressure is monitored continuously and it is intended to do so pressure sensor is fitted to the air inflation hose with the help of an epoxy compound. A well-liked twin H-bridge is the L298N motor driver integrated circuit. It can operate one stepper motor or two DC motors and can supply current up to 2A per channel. The L298N may easily be interfaced with a microcontroller like the Arduino it has a number of inputs that can be used to regulate the motors' speed and direction. Here, the vibration is detected using the accelerometer sensor shown in Fig. 1. It is an electromechanical instrument that, often in relation to a reference frame, detects and measures acceleration in three dimensions.
Both static (gravity) and dynamic (vibration or motion) forces operating on an object can be picked up by it. In a tyre inflation system, an Arduino Uno shown in Fig. 2 can serve as the microcontroller. It can be set to wait for inputs from sensors that measure tyre pressure before turning on the air compressor to the proper pressure should be used to fill the tyre. It is used to control the pump to monitor the tyre pressure and activate it whenever the pressure gets drop to fill it to pre-set tyre pressure. There are several ways to use Node MCU in a tyre inflation system, including wireless communication, Internet of Things (loT), user interface and data logging. To transmit and receive data, wireless communication regulates the inflation process and keep track of tyre pressure levels, Node MCU may wirelessly connect to tyre pressure sensors and the tyre inflation system. The tyre inflation system may be connected to loT and enabled for remote monitoring and control using Node MCU's integrated Wi-Fi module.
The tyre inflation system's user interface, such as a web interface or a mobile app, can be built using Node MCU and will enable remote system monitoring and control. Node MCU can be used to record data from tyre pressure sensors and transfer it to a cloud-based service for analysis. It can also save the data on an SD card. Overall, compared to conventional systems, the usage of Node MCU in a tyre inflation system can offer greater functionality, flexibility and convenience. The purpose of a GPS GSM module shown in Fig. 3 is to track and report crashes. It tracks a vehicle's location and sends the information to a distant server using both a GPS module and a GSM module. The module may recognize abrupt movement or impact during an accident or crash and transmit a warning message to a predetermined phone number. The coordinates of the vehicle's position are frequently included in the message. Applications for these modules include fleet management, emergency response systems and vehicle tracking. They are suitable for usage in a variety of cars because they are frequently small and simple to install. To provide power to the entire system, which consists of a 12V air compressor, pressure sensor, Arduino UNO, Node MCU, motor driver and various other accessories, a 12V rechargeable lithium battery is utilized. This particular battery is designed to be lightweight and compact, making it a popular choice for portable devices.
3. Methodology
Fig. 4 shows the circuit diagram. A 12V air compressor is fitted to the air inflation valve of the tyre. Contact type air pressure sensor is fitted to the hose. The air compressor is connected to Arduino and Node MCU via a motor driver. The air pressure sensor transmits data about the tyre pressure to Arduino on a continual basis. The system receives information about the recommended tyre pressure from the vehicle's OE - recommended. The air pressure sensor notifies the microprocessors when the tyre pressure falls below the predetermined level [8, 9]. This information is further carried by the systems to inflate the tyres again to the specified level by actuating the compressor. Node MCU has an output capacity of 3.3V which is insufficient for the compressor to work. Therefore, Arduino is used, which has an output of 5V. This signal is passed to the motor driver. This motor driver works as a step-up transformer and it is capable of bidirectional drive currents at voltages from 5 V to 36V which increases the voltage as suitable for the compressor to work. For the crash detection system, an accelerometer sensor is used to sense the vibration. If the vibration frequency is more than the normal frequency that a vehicle encounters in running conditions. Once it has determined that there has been an accident, the system communicates GPS module's position coordinates to the pre-programmed contacts that have been designated GSM module's assistance [10-14].
A GSM sim is utilized in the system to communicate the position coordinates as a text message, making it perform more or less as intended. This whole system is connected to the Thingspeak website shown in Fig. 5. An loT analytics platform is Thingspeak. As a result, the sensors continuously monitor the system and provide data to Thingspeak. With the help of Thingspeak connection, it is possible to monitor the pressure level continuously using its visualization. So that we can connect our mobile phones to this system with Wi-Fi connectivity. To power this whole system, 12V 1.3Ah batteries are used. To ensure whether this prototype is working and inflating the tyres at running condition [1517]. Prototype wheel is shown in Fig. 6. A motor is fixed to the wheel axle to rotate the wheels similar to the rotation of an actual vehicle. The programming is outlined in Appendix A.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, this project's goal of designing and developing a GPS crash detection system and an automatic tyre inflation system was effectively accomplished. Through the integration of a 12V DC air compressor pump, a contact type pressure sensor, Arduino UNO, Node MCU ESP8266, GPS GSM module, accelerometer sensor and a 12V 1.3Ah battery, we were able to create a fully functional system capable of inflating tyres to their recommended pressure and detecting crashes or accidents. Additionally, the GPS crash detection system can also send emergency services timely alerts, speeding up their responses and perhaps even saving lives. Overall, this project has demonstrated the potential of combining loT technologies with traditional vehicle systems to create innovative and impactful solutions.
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