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Abstract
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by autoantibodies against insulin producing pancreatic beta cells and initial lack of need for insulin treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate if individuals with LADA have an altered gut microbiota relative to non-diabetic control subjects, individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Bacterial community profiling was performed with primers targeting the variable region 4 of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were generated with DADA2 and annotated to the SILVA database. The gut virome was sequenced, using a viral particle enrichment and metagenomics approach, assembled, and quantified to describe the composition of the viral community. Comparison of the bacterial alpha- and beta-diversity measures revealed that the gut bacteriome of individuals with LADA resembled that of individuals with T2D. Yet, specific genera were found to differ in abundance in individuals with LADA compared with T1D and T2D, indicating that LADA has unique taxonomical features. The virome composition reflected the stability of the most dominant order Caudovirales and the families Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Inoviridae, and the dominant family Microviridae. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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1 University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
2 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (GRID:grid.419658.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 7285); Novo Nordisk A/S, Soeborg, Denmark (GRID:grid.425956.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0391 2646)
3 Institute René Rachou-Fiocruz Minas, Biosystems Informatics, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (GRID:grid.425956.9)
4 University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X); Clinical Microbiomics A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.509919.d)
5 The Capital Region, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.415878.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0441 3048); University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
6 KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical & Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884)
7 The Capital Region, Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.415878.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0441 3048); University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
8 University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X); Gentofte University Hospital, Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Department of Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.411646.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 7402)
9 University of Copenhagen, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X); Bornholms Hospital, Department of Medicine, Rønne, Denmark (GRID:grid.512918.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 4906 1517); Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark (GRID:grid.419658.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 7285)