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Abstract
A one-dimensional steady-state mathematical model has been developed to simulate the petroleum coke calcination process in a rotary kiln.
The model is made of 14 ordinary differential equations describing the conservation of energy in the coke bed and in the freeboard gas. They are solved simultaneously using the 4th-order Adams-Moulton numerical method. The model calculates the various temperature profiles and the mass concentration profiles of the different chemical species. Special emphasis is laid on the prediction of calcined coke qualities such as density and mean crystalline length, and on the prediction of the usual process variables such as calcined coke recovery factor, and the loss of coke in the form of dust exhausted with the gas.
A simulation is made to reproduce the operating conditions prevailing during a normal working day, in order to validate the model partially, and to study the effects of the main process control variables. It has been found that in the energy provided by combustion, 59.5% comes from hydrogen, 14.6% from the carbon of the coke bed, 13.8% from coke dust, 11.3% from methane and 0.8% from tar. Dust generation is more substantial at feed end than at discharge end. It increases as coke moisture decreases, and also increases at the location where hydrogen evolves from the coke. Third air has little effect on dust generation.
A comparison with existing models is made to identify eventual similarities between the various kilns under study. It appears that maximum coke temperature occurs at 45 to 55% of kiln length, while the evolution of volatile matters takes place between 5 and 50% of kiln length, measured from feed end.
A parameter study is made on the three main control variables, namely third air flow rate, speed of rotation and coke feed rate. It shows that third air flow rate is the best choice as control variable, for the purpose of controlling kiln temperatures with a well adjusted speed of rotation and a given coke feed rate.
Finally, an optimal operational practice is sought that would allow a higher coke feed rate, therefore a higher productivity, while keeping the process and the furnace in a satisfactory operational condition. It appears that a 1% increase in coke feed rate requires a 2.9% increase in third air flow rate to keep the coke temperature high enough, and an accompanying 1.4% increase in speed of rotation to push the calcining zone back toward the feed end, in order to keep it at its appropriate place along the kiln axis.





