ABSTRACT
Introduction: Totems and myths, integral components of social, cultural, and religious expression, carry profound symbolic meanings within diverse societies. This paper investigates the interplay between these symbolic elements and Islamic theology, exploring how Islamic communities respond to the presence of symbols and symbolism. The paper presents a critical analysis of theological stage of August Comte's law of three stages.
Objectives: The research objectives of the present paper aim to examine the prevalence of totems and myths in various societies and their negative impact in terms of theology, sociology, and identity formation. It will investigate the theological responses of Islam to the incorporation of totems and myths with a critical analysis of theological stage of August Comte's law of three stages philosophically known as Positive Philosophy. Explore the implications of the interplay between totems, myths and Islamic theology on religious identity and belief system.
Methods: The present work is qualitative in nature and hence uses qualitative methodology.
Results and Conclusion: The findings of the paper suggest that Totemic and Mythical thinking must be dealt with a serious and sensitive approach to protect the fabric of Muslim society under the core teachings of Tawhid. Understanding the sociological implications of the symbolic systems, advocated by Islam, provides valuable insights into the intricate diversity of human culture, belief systems, and social organization. As societies continue to evolve, it becomes imperative to navigate the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage, acknowledging diversity, and upholding the principles of justice and equality.
Originality/Value: the research presents a unique and original perspective on the intersection of sociology, symbolism, and theology. In essence, it delves into the intricate relationship between cultural symbols, religious beliefs, and social structures. What sets this paper apart is its innovative approach to studying the role of totems and myths within the framework of Tawhid, the Islamic concept of the oneness of God. By examining how totems and myths function within different cultural contexts and their implications for theological understanding, the paper offers fresh insights into the dynamics of religious symbolism.
Keywords: Totems, Myths, Islam, Symbolism, Sociology, Tawhid, Identity Formation, Social Cohesion.
RESUMO
Introdução: Os totens e os mitos, componentes integrais da expressão social, cultural e religiosa, carregam significados simbólicos profundos dentro das diversas sociedades. Este artigo investiga a interação entre esses elementos simbólicos e a teologia islâmica, explorando como as comunidades islâmicas respondem à presença de símbolos e simbolismo. O artigo apresenta uma análise crítica do estágio teológico da lei de August Comte de três estágios.
Objetivos: Os objetivos de pesquisa do presente artigo visam examinar a prevalência de totens e mitos em várias sociedades e seu impacto negativo em termos de teologia, sociologia e formação de identidade. Ele vai investigar as respostas teológicas do Islã à incorporação de totens e mitos com uma análise crítica do estágio teológico da lei de August Comte de três estágios filosoficamente conhecidos como Filosofia Positiva. Explore as implicações da interação entre totens, mitos e teologia islâmica sobre a identidade religiosa e o sistema de crenças.
Métodos: O presente trabalho é de natureza qualitativa e, portanto, utiliza metodologia qualitativa.
Resultados e Conclusão: As conclusões do artigo sugerem que o pensamento Totêmico e Mítico deve ser tratado com uma abordagem séria e sensível para proteger o tecido da sociedade muçulmana sob os ensinamentos centrais de Tawhid. Compreender as implicações sociológicas dos sistemas simbólicos, defendidos pelo Islã, fornece informações valiosas sobre a intrincada diversidade da cultura humana, sistemas de crenças e organização social. À medida que as sociedades continuam a evoluir, torna-se imperativo percorrer o delicado equilíbrio entre a preservação do patrimônio cultural, o reconhecimento da diversidade e a defesa dos princípios da justiça e da igualdade.
Originalidade/valor: a pesquisa apresenta uma perspectiva única e original sobre a interseção de sociologia, simbolismo e teologia. Em essência, ele se aprofunda na intrincada relação entre símbolos culturais, crenças religiosas e estruturas sociais. O que diferencia este artigo é sua abordagem inovadora para estudar o papel dos totens e mitos dentro da estrutura de Tawhid, o conceito islâmico da unicidade de Deus. Ao examinar como totens e mitos funcionam dentro de diferentes contextos culturais e suas implicações para a compreensão teológica, o artigo oferece novas percepções sobre a dinâmica do simbolismo religioso.
Palavras-chave: Totemas, Mitos, Islã, Simbolismo, Sociologia, Tawhid, Formação de Identidade, Consistência Social.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Los tótems y mitos, componentes integrales de la expresión social, cultural y religiosa, tienen profundos significados simbólicos dentro de diversas sociedades. Este artículo investiga la interacción entre estos elementos simbólicos y la teología islámica, explorando cómo las comunidades islámicas responden a la presencia de símbolos y simbolismo. El artículo presenta un análisis crítico de la etapa teológica de la ley de August Comte de tres etapas.
Objetivos: Los objetivos de investigación del presente trabajo tienen como objetivo examinar la prevalencia de tótems y mitos en diversas sociedades y su impacto negativo en términos de teología, sociología y formación de la identidad. Investigará las respuestas teológicas del Islam a la incorporación de tótems y mitos con un análisis crítico de la etapa teológica de la ley de August Comte de tres etapas filosóficamente conocidas como Filosofía Positiva. Explore las implicaciones de la interacción entre tótems, mitos y teología islámica en la identidad religiosa y el sistema de creencias.
Métodos: El presente trabajo es de naturaleza cualitativa y por lo tanto utiliza metodología cualitativa. Resultados y conclusión: Los hallazgos del artículo sugieren que el pensamiento totémico y mítico debe tratarse con un enfoque serio y sensible para proteger el tejido de la sociedad musulmana bajo las enseñanzas centrales de Tawhid. Comprender las implicaciones sociológicas de los sistemas simbólicos, defendidos por el Islam, proporciona información valiosa sobre la intrincada diversidad de la cultura humana, los sistemas de creencias y la organización social. A medida que las sociedades continúan evolucionando, se hace imperativo navegar por el delicado equilibrio entre la preservación del patrimonio cultural, el reconocimiento de la diversidad y la defensa de los principios de justicia e igualdad.
Originalidad/Valor: la investigación presenta una perspectiva única y original sobre la intersección de la sociología, el simbolismo y la teología. En esencia, profundiza en la intrincada relación entre los símbolos culturales, las creencias religiosas y las estructuras sociales. Lo que distingue a este artículo es su enfoque innovador para estudiar el papel de los tótems y los mitos en el marco de Tawhid, el concepto islámico de la unidad de Dios. Al examinar cómo funcionan los tótems y los mitos dentro de diferentes contextos culturales y sus implicaciones para la comprensión teológica, el artículo ofrece nuevas ideas sobre la dinámica del simbolismo religioso.
Palabras clave: Tótems, Mitos, Islam, Simbolismo, Sociología, Tawhid, Formación de la Identidad, Cohesión Social.
1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Totems, Myths, and their underlying symbolism have been manifested in different cultures and communities across history of mankind. Totems are symbolic representations of a group's identity, often taking the form of animals, plants, or natural objects. They serve as emblems of kinship, lineage, or tribal affiliation, embodying shared values, beliefs, and ancestral connections. Totems can also be revered as spiritual guardians or sources of guidance, with rituals and ceremonies dedicated to their honor. Myths are narratives or stories that convey the beliefs, values, and cosmologies of a culture. They often feature gods, heroes, and supernatural beings, explaining the origins of the world, natural phenomena, and human existence. Myths provide frameworks for understanding the universe, human nature, and the divine, shaping individual and collective consciousness. Symbolism permeates cultural expressions, imbuing objects, gestures, and rituals with deeper meanings. Symbols convey complex ideas and emotions, transcending language barriers and resonating across generations. From religious icons to national flags, symbols evoke powerful associations and evoke shared identity and belonging. On the other hand, Tauhid, an Arabic term meaning "oneness" or "unification," is a central concept in Islamic theology, emphasizing the absolute unity and uniqueness of God (Allah). It is the foundational principle of Islamic monotheism, declaring that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah. The concept of Tauhid contrasts with the idea of totems and myths, which often involve attributing supernatural or divine qualities to objects, animals, or legendary figures. While totems and myths may serve cultural, social, or psychological functions within societies, from an Islamic perspective, they are considered manifestations of shirk (associating partners with Allah) and irrational beliefs.
This research paper delves into the intersection of sociology, symbolism, and theology by examining the dynamics between totems, myths, and the concept of Tawhid. The study seeks to explore the inherent problems associated with totemic and mythical thinking and sheds light on the significance of Tawhid, particularly within Islamic theology and how Comte's generalizations of theological stage or mythical stage doesn't apply to Islam as Islam believes in a rational and logical episteme of faith. The sociological and theological aspect of the research revolves around the analysis of totemic and mythical systems and their impact within various societies. Moreover, it probes the inherent problems in Totemic and Mythical thinking in constructing the identity of individuals and societies. Totems, often representing symbols or animals, play a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and communal beliefs. The paper critically examines the impact of these totems on social structures, norms, and interpersonal relationships. It questions the potential divisive nature of totemic thinking, considering how it may contribute to the formation of in-groups and out-groups within a given community.
Furthermore, the research delves into the realm of myths, investigating their role in shaping collective consciousness. Myths, as narratives that explain the origins and fundamental beliefs of a society, have a profound influence on cultural practices and worldview. The paper explores how myths contribute to the construction of social norms and the perpetuation of certain ideologies.
In the context of Islamic theology, the study emphasizes the concept of Tawhid, which signifies the oneness of God in Islam. Tawhid serves as a unifying force, countering potential divisive elements associated with totemic and mythical thinking. The paper delves into the theological, sociological and significance of Tawhid and its role in fostering unity, social cohesion, and a shared sense of purpose within the Muslim community. Besides, it explores the importance of Tawhid in identity formation of Muslims. The present paper explains the position of Islam about disapproval of Totemic and Mythical ideas and practices that form the foundation of Shirk seeking partners to the worship of One God. At the same time, it gives a proper understanding and positioning of symbols and their underlying symbolism to strengthen the relationship with One True God. The current work doesn't specify any society in terms of presence of Totemic and Mythical thinking therein. The present research serves as a framework for Muslim societies in general to shed off their Totemic and Mythical thinking, if any, in favor of rational and logical understanding of Tawhid.
2 METHODOLOGY
The present work utilizes a qualitative research methodology to investigate the complex relationship between cultural symbols, religious beliefs, and theological concepts. The qualitative approach adopted in this study allows researchers to delve deeply into the intricate dynamics of totems, myths, and Tawhid (the Islamic concept of monotheism) within various cultural and religious contexts. Here's an overview of the qualitative research methodology employed in the paper:
1. Literature Review: The researchers conduct an extensive review of existing literature on sociology, anthropology, religious studies, and theology to establish a theoretical framework for understanding the interplay between symbolism and theology. This literature review helps identify key concepts, theoretical perspectives, and research gaps related to totems, myths, and Tawhid;
2. Data Collection: Qualitative data collection methods are utilized to gather firsthand insights and perspectives from Research projects, published books, journals, articles and religious and cultural practices. This may involve conducting in-depth analysis of practices of different faiths, ethnographic observations of religious rituals and practices, and analysis of religious texts and cultural artifacts related to totems and myths;
3. Observations: Ethnographic observations are conducted to immerse researchers in the cultural and religious contexts under study. Researchers observe religious ceremonies, rituals, and community events where totems, myths, and theological concepts are prominent. These observations provide valuable insights into the symbolic meanings and social significance of religious practices;
4. Textual Analysis: Researchers analyze religious texts, myths, and other cultural artifacts to uncover underlying themes, symbols, and narratives related to totems, myths, and Tawhid. Textual analysis involves identifying patterns, motifs, and symbolic imagery that reflect broader theological concepts and cultural beliefs;
5. Thematic Analysis: Qualitative data analysis techniques, such as thematic analysis, are used to identify recurring themes, patterns, and meanings across the collected data. Researchers categorize and interpret qualitative data to uncover insights into the interplay between symbolism and theology in relation to totems, myths, and Tawhid;
6. Interpretation and Discussion: The findings of the qualitative analysis are interpreted and discussed in relation to existing theoretical frameworks and literature. Researchers explore the implications of their findings for understanding the sociocultural dynamics of totems, myths, and Tawhid, as well as their significance in shaping individual and collective identities, beliefs, and practices;
7. Area of Study: the area of study for this paper bridges multiple disciplines, including cultural sociology, religious studies, anthropology, and theology, to explore the complex interplay between symbolism and theology in the context of totems, myths, and Tawhid. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the paper aims to deepen our understanding of how cultural symbols and religious beliefs shape human experiences, identities, and worldview.
3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 TOTEMS: DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE IN NON-ISLAMIC TRADITIONS
3.1.1 Definitions
Totems are symbolic representations, typically in the form of objects or animals, that hold cultural and spiritual significance within certain societies. These symbols are often associated with clans, tribes, or communities and serve as a means of expressing and reinforcing a group's identity, beliefs, and values. Totems can take various forms, such as carved figures, paintings, or natural elements, and they are imbued with symbolic meanings that convey a connection between the group and the chosen symbols.
According to Webster's dictionary, totem means "A natural object, usually an animal that serves as a distinctive, often venerated emblem or symbol. It is a means of personal or spiritual identity (Dictionary, 2000)
Oxford advanced learners dictionary defines Totem as "A natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and that is adopted by it as an emblem (Dictionary, 2000)."
According to Emile Durkheim, a renowned French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher, the word totem is originated from Ojibwe, an Algonquin tribe of Northern America, and it refers to an object of an animal or a plant (Insoll, 2007).
Some experts believe that Ojibwa word ototeman, meaning "one's brother-sister kin" is origin of the word totem (Goswami, 2017). The grammatical root, ote, denotes a blood relationship between brothers and sisters of having the same mother and marriage between them is not permitted. In kinship and descent, if the apical ancestor of a clan is nonhuman, it is called a totem(Gouws & Prinsloo, 2008).
Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, in his collection of essays for the book 'Totem and Taboo' analyzes the socio-ethnographic perspective of totem. In the essay, 'The Horror of Incest' he examines the system Totemism among the Australian Aborigines. It is the prevailing practice among them that prevents against incest (Freud, 2012).
E.A. Hoebel, a renowned professor of Anthropology, defined totem "an object, often an animal or a plant, held in special regard by the members of a social group who feel that there is a peculiar bond of emotional identity between themselves and the Totem(Goswami, 2017)".
3.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TOTEMS IN NON-ISLAMIC TRADITIONS
The nature of totems in terms of their shape, form and structure varies from one culture to another. However, there is a kind of uniformity regarding the characteristics and significance of Totems across cultures and communities in the world. Here, we list down some of the common and important characteristics and significance of Totems in non-Islamic traditions.
1. Sign of identity - Totems act as visual markers that help define and distinguish one social or familial group from another. They serve as a symbolic representation of a collective identity, reinforcing a sense of unity and shared belonging among group members(Burgi & Roos, 2001);
2. Ancestral linkage - Many totems have a connection to the group's ancestors or historical lineage. They may represent a particular animal or natural element that is believed to have a spiritual association with the group's forebears, creating a link between past and present generations(Insoll, 2007);
3. Social organization - Totems play a role in structuring social organization within a community. They can influence kinship systems, tribal hierarchies, and relationships between different groups. The symbolism of a totem can shape the social dynamics and interactions within a society(Morphy, 1990);
4. Spiritual importance - Totems often have spiritual or religious connotations, serving as conduits for connecting with the divine or the supernatural. The symbolic elements of totems may be incorporated into religious rituals, ceremonies, or practices within the community (Steiger, 2021);
5. Artistic Expression - The creation and adornment of totems often involve artistic expression. Communities may employ skilled artisans to carve, paint, or otherwise craft the totemic symbols, turning them into works of art that reflect the cultural values and aesthetic preferences of the group (Zhang, 2023);
6. Protection and guidance - Totems are sometimes believed to provide protection and guidance to the group. The chosen symbol is thought to embody certain qualities or characteristics that are desirable for the community, such as strength, wisdom, or resilience (Hartati, Chandra, Wijayanti, & Gunawan, 2020);
7. Knowledge transfer - Totems serve as a means of transmitting cultural knowledge from one generation to the next. The symbolism and stories associated with totems are passed down through oral traditions, ensuring the continuity of cultural practices and beliefs (Hunt & Journal, 2018).
In summary, totems are powerful symbols that carry deep cultural, spiritual, and social significance within specific communities. They contribute to the formation of identity, the reinforcement of communal bonds, and the preservation of cultural heritage. The interpretation and significance of totems can vary widely across different cultures and societies, reflecting the diversity of human expression and belief systems.
3.3 MYTHS: NARRATIVE SYMBOLISM
An examination of myths, their narrative structures, and their role as symbolic expressions of cultural beliefs and values determine their position in each community or culture.
Myths are narratives that hold deep cultural, religious, or traditional significance, often serving as foundational stories within a particular community or society(Lincoln, 1999). These narratives are characterized by their symbolic nature, using metaphorical language and archetypal characters to convey profound truths, explain natural phenomena, and provide a framework for understanding the world. Mythical narratives go beyond mere storytelling; they encapsulate the collective conscience, values, and beliefs of a culture, and they often endure through generations as a means of transmitting cultural knowledge(Gabriel, Methods, & Sage, 2018). Here are key aspects of myths as narratives with symbolic significance:
1. Symbolic Language - Myths use symbolic language to convey meanings that extend beyond the literal interpretation of the narrative. The characters, events, and settings in myths are laden with symbolic significance, representing abstract concepts, moral lessons, or cosmic forces which are inconsistent with the logical understanding(Bidney, 1955);
2. Archetypes and Universal Themes - Myths often feature archetypal characters and universal themes that resonate across cultures. These archetypes, such as the hero, the trickster, or the wise mentor, embody fundamental aspects of the human experience and serve as vehicles for conveying timeless truths(Bucciferro, 2013);
3. Explaining Origins and Natural Phenomena - Myths frequently address questions about the origins of the world, the creation of humans, and the nature of the cosmos. They provide cultural explanations for natural phenomena, human existence, and the relationships between gods, humans, and the natural world(INGThORSSON, 2013);
4. Moral and Ethical symbol - Many myths contain moral and ethical teachings, offering guidance on proper conduct, virtue, and the consequences of certain actions. The characters in myths often serve as moral exemplars or cautionary figures whose experiences illustrate ethical principles(Rethorst, 1991);
5. Cultural identity and Heritage - Myths play a crucial role in shaping cultural identity and preserving cultural heritage. They reinforce a sense of shared history, values, and traditions within a community, fostering a collective consciousness that binds individuals together(Berk & Sciences, 2016);
6. Rituals and Ceremonies - Myths are frequently integrated into rituals and ceremonies within a culture. These narratives may be reenacted or commemorated through symbolic actions, reinforcing the connection between the mythic past and the contemporary community(Doty, 2000);
7. Psychological and Spiritual source - Myths often delve into the realm of psychology and spirituality, exploring the human psyche, the nature of consciousness, and the quest for meaning. They provide insights into existential questions and the mysteries of life(Feinstein, 1997).
In summary, myths serve as powerful vehicles for narrative symbolism, encapsulating the richness of cultural, religious, and traditional expressions. Through their symbolic language, myths offer profound insights into the human experience, guiding individuals and communities in their understanding of the world and their place within it.
3.4 TOTEMISM, MYTHOLOGY, AND ISLAM
Totemism and mythology with their emphasis on symbolic representations and spiritual significance associated with natural elements, is not a prominent feature within Islamic societies. Islam, as a monotheistic religion, places a strong emphasis on the oneness of God (Tawhid), discouraging the worship or veneration (which may potentially lead to worship) of symbols, idols, or natural objects.
Tawhid, the oneness of Allah, stands as the central tenet of Islamic theology, distinguishing Islam from other monotheistic religions(Al-Faruqi, 1992). Rooted in the belief that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, Tawhid encompasses the unity, uniqueness, and absolute sovereignty of the Divine(Faruqi & Studies, 1985). This concept is intricately tied to the rejection of object worship, emphasizing a profound monotheistic devotion in Islam. Tawhid finds its roots in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, and is expounded upon in numerous verses that underscore the indivisible oneness of Allah. Surah Al-Ikhlas (Chapter 112) succinctly encapsulates the essence of Tawhid, declaring that Allah is absolute and self-sufficient, neither begotten nor begetting. This uncompromising monotheism is the cornerstone of Islamic faith, fostering a deep sense of devotion to the singular, incomparable Creator.
Islam vehemently rejects the worship of objects, emphasizing the futility and inherent falsehood of associating partners with Allah. This rejection stems from the conviction that Allah alone is the Creator, Sustainer, and ultimate authority over the universe. The Quran explicitly admonishes the worship of idols, images, or any created entities, asserting that such practices deviate from the pure path of monotheism. The rejection of object worship was a central aspect of Prophet Muhammad's mission. In pre-Islamic Arabia, various tribes engaged in idol worship, believing in multiple deities that represented different aspects of life. The Prophet's teachings sought to dismantle these polytheistic beliefs and guide humanity back to the pure monotheism of Tawhid. The iconic event of the cleansing of the Kaaba from idols after the conquest of Mecca exemplifies this rejection of object worship. (Saffari, 2023).
The rejection of object worship and of mythological narratives in Islam has profound philosophical implications. It underscores the transcendence of Allah beyond human comprehension and emphasizes the incapacity of created entities to encapsulate the essence of the Divine. Tawhid challenges believers to transcend the material and recognize the spiritual unity that binds all of creation under the singular authority of Allah. Moreover, totemic, and mythical social structures prove to be a barrier for mankind to realize the true purpose of life and true devotion to One God(Ali, 2006). Islam, as a monotheistic religion, provides a distinct worldview that differs from societies practicing totemism and mythologies. As mentioned earlier, totemism, the attribution of sacred significance to natural objects, and myths, traditional narratives explaining natural phenomena, hold disadvantages in the Islamic perspective due to their potential to lead believers away from the pure monotheistic principles of Tawhid. These problems range from sociological aspects to theological aspects to Identity formation. We will explore the challenges posed by Totemic and Mythical thinking to Islamic social fabrics in terms of theological problems, sociological problems and the problems affecting the Muslim social identity.
3.5 THEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN TOTEMIC AND MYTHICAL TRADITIONS
Some of the potential theological problems with totemic and mythical thinking that runs against the basic structure of Islam are:
1. Associating Partners with Allah swt (Shirk) - Totemism often involves attributing sacred qualities to natural objects, potentially leading to the sin of Shirk, associating partners with Allah. Islam staunchly rejects any form of polytheism, emphasizing the oneness and uniqueness of Allah(Begum, Ullah, Hamid, Begum, & Bibi, 2023). Worshipping or attributing divine significance to totems can compromise the fundamental principle of Tawhid;
2. A drastic shift in Worship - Islam teaches that worship is solely reserved for Allah, the Creator of the heavens and the earth. Totemism, by introducing intermediary objects of veneration, diverts the focus of worship away from Allah. This diversion contradicts the Islamic belief that direct worship of the One True God is the only path to salvation. On the other hand, Totemic worship runs drastically against the concept of worship of One True God(DuBois, 2014);
3. Creation of intermediaries - Totemism can lead to the creation of intermediaries between individuals and Allah, violating the direct and personal relationship advocated in Islam. The concept of intercessors or intermediaries in worship goes against the Islamic principle that everyone has a direct connection with Allah without the need for intermediaries;
4. Source of superstition and misguidance - Myths often involve fantastical narratives explaining natural phenomena, and Islam warns against succumbing to superstitions or misleading beliefs. The Quran emphasizes the importance of reason and understanding, and myths may lead to the acceptance of baseless explanations, undermining the rational and intellectual foundations of Islamic teachings(Jarvis, 1980);
5. Conflicting with Prophetic Messages - Islam recognizes a line of prophets who conveyed divine guidance to humanity. Myths, if they conflict with or contradict prophetic teachings, can create confusion and misguidance among believers. Islam upholds the authenticity of its own scriptures and prophetic traditions, discouraging adherence to conflicting mythologies(Al-Alwani & al Din Khalil, 1995);
6. Distortion of historical Reality - Myths often blend historical events with imaginative elements. In Islam, the preservation of historical accuracy is crucial, especially concerning the lives of prophets and the divine revelations. Myths that distort or misrepresent historical realities may undermine the integrity of Islamic teachings and the understanding of crucial events.
In short, from the perspective of Islam, totemism, and myths present clear disadvantages, primarily because they have the potential to compromise the fundamental principles of Tawhid and lead believers away from the authentic teachings of monotheism. Islam emphasizes the direct worship of Allah, rejects the attribution of divine qualities to created objects, and encourages a rational and reasoned approach to understanding the world. Totemism and myths, with their associations and fantastical narratives, stand in contradiction to these core principles, making them incompatible with the Islamic worldview.
Now, we turn to understand the Sociological problems inherent in Totemic and mythical structures.
3.6 SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN TOTEMIC AND MYTHICAL TRADITIONS
The interplay between totems, myths, and Islamic beliefs presents sociological challenges within Muslim communities. It's important to note that Islam, as a religion, discourages idolatry and emphasizes the worship of a singular, formless God. However, in some cultural and social contexts, totemic and mythical elements may still emerge, leading to potential sociological challenges(Moh'd Sadeq Nawasrah, Khalaf, Alnaimat, & Almarayeh, 2023). This interplay gives rise to theological challenges that need to be addressed intellectually and sociologically to prevent any dilution of Islamic thought. Here are some of the sociological problems inherent in Totemic and Mythical thinking.
1. Social Fragmentation and Disunity - Totemic and mythical thinking create divisions within a society. Different groups or communities might develop their own totemic symbols or myths, leading to social fragmentation based on these cultural or tribal affiliations(Comaroff, 1987). This can undermine the sense of unity and brotherhood that Islam seeks to promote;
2. Cultural disorganization - Totemic and mythical elements from pre-Islamic as well as non-Islamic cultures clash with Islamic teachings, creating tension within communities. The clash between cultural practices, specifically those based on associating partners to Allah swt, and religious principles can result in social discord and challenges in maintaining a cohesive social fabric;
3. Inequality and Discrimination - Totemic and mythical thinking might reinforce existing social hierarchies or contribute to the marginalization of certain groups within society. Individuals or communities associated with specific totemic symbols or myths may face discrimination, leading to social stratification contrary to Islamic principles of justice and equality. The Burmese Muslims has been put to inexpressible tortures and grave discriminations by the Buddhist regime of Myanmar whose cognitive orientation is based on Buddhist Mythology;
4. Superstitions and Irrational Practices - Totemic and mythical beliefs can give rise to superstitious practices and ritualistic behaviors that may not align with Islamic teachings. This can affect the social behavior of individuals and communities, potentially leading to the neglect of core Islamic values and principles;
5. Resistance to Change - Totemic and mythical thinking may contribute to resistance against social and cultural change. This resistance can impede progress and hinder the adaptation of new ideas and technologies, potentially limiting the overall development of society.
It's crucial to approach these issues with sensitivity and an understanding of the diverse cultural contexts within the Islamic world. Addressing sociological challenges requires a balanced approach that respects cultural diversity while promoting the core values of Islam.
3.7 PROBLEMS IN THE FORMATION OF MUSLIM IDENTITY
The incorporation or persistence of totems and myths within certain Muslim communities can have adverse impacts on Muslim identity formation. While Islam provides a comprehensive framework for spiritual and cultural identity, the influence of totems and myths, which may stem from pre-Islamic or syncretic practices, can introduce complexities and challenges to the coherent construction of Muslim identity. Here are some adverse impacts of totemic and Mythical traditions upon the formation of Muslim Identity.
1. Fragmentation of Identity - The incorporation of totems and myths may contribute to a fragmented sense of identity among Muslims. This fragmentation arises as individuals grapple with the dual influence of Islamic teachings and pre-existing cultural or folk traditions, potentially leading to an identity crisis;
2. Cultural Syncretism - The syncretic blending of totems and myths with Islamic practices may result in cultural syncretism, where distinct cultural elements are fused without a clear delineation between the two. This syncretism can dilute the unique identity markers that distinguish Islam from other belief systems;
3. Struggle for Religious Authenticity - Muslims navigating the coexistence of totems and myths with Islamic beliefs may struggle to determine the authenticity of their religious practices. This internal struggle can hinder the development of a strong and confident Muslim identity rooted in the principles of Islam;
4. Potential Sectarian Threat - Differences in the acceptance or rejection of totems and myths within various Muslim communities may contribute to internal divisions and sectarianism. Disputes over cultural practices can lead to fragmentation and undermine the unity of the Muslim ummah (community);
5. External Perception and Stereotype - The presence of totems and myths within certain Muslim communities may contribute to external perceptions and stereotypes that misconstrue Islam as a monolithic belief system. Such perceptions can impact how Muslims are viewed by others and influence global discourse on Islam;
6. Loss of Spiritual Focus - Totems and myths, if given undue prominence, may divert the attention of individuals from essential spiritual practices prescribed in Islam. The rituals associated with totemic practices may overshadow the core Islamic principles, leading to a loss of spiritual focus and devotion.
On the other hand, Tawhid, the concept of the oneness of God, is a fundamental tenet in Islam with significant sociological appreciations and meaningful applications. Contrary to unfounded and irrational thinking based on Totemic and Mythical epistemology, Tawhid leads an individual and a society in a more rational, logical and pragmatic way. It proves to be a synthetic glue which binds various institutions and ambits of society at theological, sociological and at the level of Identity construction in a harmonious and coherent manner.
3.8 AUGUST COMTE AND THEOLOGICAL OR MYTHICAL STAGE
Auguste Comte, the 19th-century French philosopher, proposed his theory of the "Law of Three Stages" as a framework to understand the development of human thought and society. According to Comte, human society progresses through three stages: the theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive or scientific stage (Comte, 1905). Each stage represents a different mode of thinking and explanation for natural and social phenomena.
Auguste Comte's theological stage, also referred to as the mythical stage, occupies a significant place in his theory of the evolution of human thought and society. It represents the earliest phase in Comte's schema of historical development, wherein human understanding is dominated by religious explanations and mythological narratives to make sense of the world (Mill, 1866).
During the theological stage, which Comte regarded as the infancy of human intellect, individuals and societies attribute natural phenomena, social structures, and human behavior to supernatural agencies or divine beings (Comte, 1856). These explanations are often rooted in religious myths, rituals, and traditions that provide a framework for understanding the universe and guiding social practices.
One key aspect of the theological stage is its reliance on blind faith and unauthenticated revelation as sources of knowledge. In this stage, beliefs are accepted based on authority, tradition, and sacred texts rather than empirical evidence or rational inquiry. Religious institutions and figures hold significant sway over both intellectual and social life, shaping norms, values, and governance systems according to Comte (Comte, 1905).
Comte identified three sub-phases within the theological stage: the fetishistic, the polytheistic, and the monotheistic. In the fetishistic phase, primitive societies attribute supernatural powers to inanimate objects, such as rocks or trees, which are venerated as sacred. In the polytheistic phase, belief systems feature multiple gods and goddesses, each associated with specific domains or aspects of life. Finally, the monotheistic phase centers around the worship of a single, all-powerful deity, as seen in religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
3.9 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THEOLOGICAL OR MYTHICAL STAGE OF COMTE'S POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY
However, Comte's theological stage presents a Eurocentric and linear view of human development, overlooking the diversity of religious experiences and beliefs across cultures and historical periods. Moreover, it oversimplifies the complex interplay between religion, culture, and social dynamics, neglecting the ways in which religious thought can evolve and adapt over time. Islam, renounces
Moreover, the theological stage serves as a reminder of the enduring significance of religion in shaping human thought, values, and institutions throughout history. Even as societies progress to later stages of intellectual development, religious beliefs and practices continue to exert a profound influence on individuals and communities, reflecting the enduring quest for meaning, transcendence, and moral guidance in the human experience.
When examining how Comte's theological stage applies to Islam, it becomes evident that the framework proposed by Comte failed to capture the complexities and intellectual dimensions of Islamic theology and its relationship with rationality. While Islam, unlike other religions, has a rational-theological dimension that includes beliefs based on rational faculties coupled with Divine guidance, it also emphasizes the importance of reason and rational inquiry(Nusseibeh, 2016).
One of the central tenets of Islam is the concept of "aqeedah" or creed, which includes belief in one God (Allah) based on rational proofs and logical evidence and the acceptance of certain fundamental principles of faith dispelling myths and superstitious thinking altogether. Islam places a strong emphasis on the use of reason and intellect ('aql) in understanding and interpreting religious teachings. The Quran, the holy book of Islam, frequently appeals to human intellect and encourages believers to reflect on the signs of God in the natural world.
Therefore, while Islam encompasses elements of theological thought, it also emphasizes the compatibility of faith with reason and rationality. This nuanced approach challenges the simplistic characterization of religion as purely mythological or irrational, as proposed by Comte's theological stage. Instead, Islam highlights the potential for dialogue and synthesis between religious beliefs and rational inquiry, reflecting a more dynamic and multifaceted understanding of the relationship between faith and human intellect.
3.10 THEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF TAWHID
Tawhid, the concept of the oneness of God, is a central theological principle in Islam. It encompasses various dimensions that are crucial to Islamic theology. Here are some important theological points related to Tawhid in Islam.
1. The Unicity of God - Tawhid asserts the absolute oneness of God (Allah in Arabic). It is the foundational belief in Islam that God is unique, indivisible, and without any partners. This monotheistic principle is emphasized in the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith(Haq, 1984);
2. uniqueness of God's Attributes - Tawhid underscores the uniqueness of God's attributes. Islamic theology holds that God possesses attributes such as omnipotence, omniscience, mercy, and justice in a way that is distinct from any created being(Abdalla, 2023). These attributes are incomparable and unparalleled;
3. Oneness in Creatorship (Rububiyyah) - Tawhid acknowledges that God is the sole creator of the universe. He sustains, controls, and governs all aspects of creation(Abdullah & Ibrahim, 2010). This aspect of Tawhid highlights the dependency of all creation on God and the absence of any co-creator;
4. Oneness in His Lordship and Worship - Tawhid encompasses the concept of divine lordship, affirming that God alone is worthy of worship. This dimension emphasizes the exclusive devotion and submission of believers to God, rejecting any form of idolatry or association of partners with Him;
5. Sole Right of Worship - Tawhid calls for the singular devotion of worship to one single God. Islamic theology teaches that all acts of worship, such as prayer, fasting, and charity, should be directed solely to God, reinforcing the idea that He is the ultimate object of veneration and submission;
6. Negation of Anthropomorphism (Tanzih) - Tawhid rejects any anthropomorphic representation of God. Islamic theology maintains that God is beyond human comprehension and is not confined to human characteristics or physical form. Allah is transcendent and incomparable;
7. Inimitability of God's Speech - Tawhid acknowledges the unique and inimitable nature of the Quran as the literal word of God. The Quran is considered the ultimate revelation, and its linguistic and literary excellence is seen as a miraculous expression of God's guidance.
Tawhid is not just a theological concept; it is the cornerstone of Islamic belief, influencing the worldview, practices, and ethics of Muslims(Al-Attas et al.). It shapes the understanding of God, the relationship between the Creator and the created, and the purpose of human existence in the Islamic faith.
3.11 SOCIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF TAWHID
The concept of Tawhid provides a holistic paradigm that binds people of different colors, casts, races, denominations, and nations together. Here are some important sociological aspects of Tawhid.
1. Purpose of Life - Tawhid provides believers with a sense of purpose and meaning in life. This sense of purpose positively influences their contributions to society, fostering a collective commitment to the betterment of the community and the world;
2. Unity and Equality - Tawhid emphasizes the absolute oneness of God, promoting the idea that all human beings are equal before the Creator. This concept fosters a sense of unity and equality within the Muslim community, discouraging discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or social status;
3. Social Justice - The belief in Tawhid underscores the importance of justice in social interactions. Muslims are encouraged to uphold justice and fairness in all aspects of life, promoting a society that seeks to eliminate oppression and inequality;
4. Social Responsibility - Tawhid emphasizes individual responsibility in society. Muslims are encouraged to be socially responsible, to care for the less fortunate, and to actively contribute to the well-being of the community. This can lead to the development of charitable initiatives and community services;
5. Structured Family Values and System - Tawhid plays a role in shaping family values in Islam. The concept emphasizes the importance of family as a fundamental unit of society, promoting stability, love, and mutual support within households.
However, there have been instances wherein certain practices resembling totemism or animistic beliefs and mythological narratives have been observed in specific cultural contexts. It's essential to note that these instances are not universally accepted within the academic teachings of Islam and broader Islamic community and often represent local variations or syncretic practices.
It is important to note that Islam doesn't refute symbols and its underlying symbolism (often attached to Totems and Myths in non-Islamic traditions) outrightly rather gives a proper connotation and approval of it within the paradigm of Tawhid (El-Daghar, K. 2022). Therefore, it is incumbent to highlight the Islamic stance on symbols and symbolism which is often misinterpreted under Totemic and Mythical references.
3.12 SYMBOL AND SYMBOLISM WITHIN THEOLOGICAL TRADITION OF ISLAM
Symbolism in Islam serves various important functions, contributing to the spiritual, cultural, and educational aspects of the Islamic tradition. While Islam avoids the use of explicit symbols for worship to prevent idolatry, there are certain symbols and symbolic elements in Islamic art, architecture, and practices that convey deeper meanings related to Tawhid. It's crucial to note that these symbols are not objects of worship but serve as reminders of the divine and principles of Tawhid. Here are some important symbols and their symbolism in the context of Islamic Tawhid.
1. The Ka'ba - The Kaaba, located in Mecca, is a sacred structure and the focal point of Islamic prayer. It symbolizes the unity of Muslims around the world, as they face the Kaaba during their prayers. The Kaaba serves as a powerful reminder of the oneness of God and the unity of the Muslim Community;
2. The Crescent Moon - The crescent moon is often associated with the Islamic calendar, particularly marking the beginning of the lunar month, including the start of Ramadan. It symbolizes the passage of time and the cyclical nature of life, emphasizing the importance of time in the context of Tawhid;
3. Calligraphy - Arabic calligraphy, especially verses from the Quran, is often used as a form of artistic expression. The stylized writing is not only aesthetically pleasing but also serves as a visual representation of the divine word. It reinforces the importance of language and communication in understanding Tawhid;
4. The Minaret and Dome - The minaret and dome are architectural elements commonly associated with mosques. While not inherently religious symbols, they represent the aesthetics of Islamic architecture. The upward-pointing minaret and the dome symbolize spiritual ascent and the divine presence, emphasizing the transcendence of God;
5. The Black Stone (Hajr al-Aswad) - Embedded in one corner of the Kaaba, the Black Stone is a symbolic marker for starting and finishing the Tawaf (circumambulation) during the Hajj pilgrimage. While it holds historical significance, its symbolic value lies in its connection to the sacred rituals of Hajj and the unity of Muslim worshippers;
6. The Geometric Patterns - Geometric patterns in Islamic art and architecture are symbolic of the harmony and order in God's creation. These intricate designs often reflect the idea of unity in diversity, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various elements and the oneness of the Creator(Hassan & Tohid, 2017).
It's important to recognize that these symbols are not worshipped in Islam but are employed to enhance the understanding and appreciation of Tawhid and other Islamic principles. Muslims are cautious not to attribute any divine qualities to these symbols, ensuring that the focus remains on the worship of the one, indivisible God.
4 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our exploration into the sociology of totems, myths, and Tawhid has revealed the intricate interplay between symbolism and theology within various cultural and religious contexts. Through qualitative research methods encompassing observations, thematic and textual analysis, we have uncovered rich insights into the significance of these phenomena in shaping individual and collective identities, beliefs, and practices. Our study has highlighted the cultural significance of totems as symbols of group identity, kinship, and spiritual power in indigenous and non-indigenous societies. While totems may serve important social functions, their attribution of supernatural qualities is viewed as divergent, as being irrational, from the monotheistic principles of Tawhid, particularly within Islamic scholarship. Similarly, myths emerge as narratives that convey beliefs, values, and cosmologies, often depicting gods, heroes, and supernatural beings in an imaginary setting. While myths provide frameworks for understanding the world and human existence based on farce and ungrounded knowledge, their polytheistic or pantheistic elements challenge the monotheistic tenets of Tawhid, emphasizing the exclusive worship of Allah.
In contrast, the theological concept of Tawhid emphasizes the absolute oneness and uniqueness of God in Islam, rejecting the worship of any other deity or object. Tawhid serves as the foundational principle of Islamic monotheism, informing beliefs, rituals, and ethical practices within Muslim communities.
The research demonstrated that the interplay between symbolism and theology is dynamic and context dependent. Totemic and mythical thinking foster the complexities of human societies by way of submitting to ignorance and deviant path while Tawhidic symbolism in Islam contributes to the creation of a cohesive, spiritually enriched community. The paper has highlighted the misunderstanding of Comte's analysis of evolution of human thought. It unmasks the reality of his lack of proper understanding of Tauhid which dispels the mythical and superstitious elements of faith. Islam demands from its adherents not to succumb to myths and totems rather develop a rational and logical approach to understand the world around. Understanding the sociological implications of the symbolic systems, advocated by Islam, provides valuable insights into the intricate diversity of human culture, belief systems, and social organization. As societies continue to evolve, it becomes imperative to navigate the delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage, acknowledging diversity, and upholding the principles of justice and equality. Scholars in sociology, anthropology, and theology must engage in interdisciplinary dialogue to deepen our understanding of Islam and of the intricate relationships between symbols and societal structures, ultimately contributing to the collective pursuit of harmony and coexistence in our diverse global landscape fostering an ambiance of logical and rational thinking as enshrined within the core of the tenets of Islam.
Precisely, our study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the intersections of culture, religion, and theology, shedding light on the complexities of human beliefs and practices. By examining the sociocultural dynamics of totems, myths, and Tawhid, we enrich our understanding of how symbolism and theology shape human experiences and worldviews across diverse societies. This exploration underscores the importance of interdisciplinary inquiry in unraveling the complexities of human belief systems and cultural expressions based on rational and logical discourses.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) through TIER 1 (vot Q 408).
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Abstract
Introdução: Os totens e os mitos, componentes integrais da expressão social, cultural e religiosa, carregam significados simbólicos profundos dentro das diversas sociedades. Este artigo investiga a interação entre esses elementos simbólicos e a teologia islâmica, explorando como as comunidades islâmicas respondem à presença de símbolos e simbolismo. O artigo apresenta uma análise crítica do estágio teológico da lei de August Comte de três estágios. Objetivos: Os objetivos de pesquisa do presente artigo visam examinar a prevalência de totens e mitos em várias sociedades e seu impacto negativo em termos de teologia, sociologia e formação de identidade. Ele vai investigar as respostas teológicas do Islã à incorporação de totens e mitos com uma análise crítica do estágio teológico da lei de August Comte de três estágios filosoficamente conhecidos como Filosofia Positiva. Explore as implicações da interação entre totens, mitos e teologia islâmica sobre a identidade religiosa e o sistema de crenças. Métodos: O presente trabalho é de natureza qualitativa e, portanto, utiliza metodologia qualitativa. Resultados e Conclusão: As conclusões do artigo sugerem que o pensamento Totêmico e Mítico deve ser tratado com uma abordagem séria e sensível para proteger o tecido da sociedade muçulmana sob os ensinamentos centrais de Tawhid. Compreender as implicações sociológicas dos sistemas simbólicos, defendidos pelo Islã, fornece informações valiosas sobre a intrincada diversidade da cultura humana, sistemas de crenças e organização social. À medida que as sociedades continuam a evoluir, torna-se imperativo percorrer o delicado equilíbrio entre a preservação do patrimônio cultural, o reconhecimento da diversidade e a defesa dos princípios da justiça e da igualdade. Originalidade/valor: a pesquisa apresenta uma perspectiva única e original sobre a interseção de sociologia, simbolismo e teologia. Em essência, ele se aprofunda na intrincada relação entre símbolos culturais, crenças religiosas e estruturas sociais. O que diferencia este artigo é sua abordagem inovadora para estudar o papel dos totens e mitos dentro da estrutura de Tawhid, o conceito islâmico da unicidade de Deus. Ao examinar como totens e mitos funcionam dentro de diferentes contextos culturais e suas implicações para a compreensão teológica, o artigo oferece novas percepções sobre a dinâmica do simbolismo religioso.