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Abstract
For centuries, medicinal plants have served as the cornerstone for traditional health care systems and same practice is still prevalent today. In the Himalayan region, Saussurea heteromalla holds a significant place in traditional medicine and is used to address various health issues. Despite its historical use, little exploration has focused on its potential for scavenging free radicals and reducing inflammation. Hence, our current study aims to investigate the free radical scavenging capabilities of S. heteromalla extracts. The n-hexane extract of entire plant revealed promising activity. This extract underwent extensive extraction on a larger scale. Subsequent purification, employing column chromatography, HPLC–DAD techniques, led to the identification of active compounds, confirmed via GC–MS and the NIST database as 1-O-butyl 2-O-octyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate and 2,4-ditert-butylphenol. Assessing the free radical scavenging properties involved utilizing RAW-264.7 macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharides. Notably, the compound 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol exhibited remarkable scavenging abilities, demonstrating over 80% inhibition of Nitric oxide. This study stands as the inaugural report on the isolation of these compounds from S. heteromalla.
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1 Women University Mardan, Department of Botany, Mardan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.440522.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 0478 6450)
2 University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Pattoki, Pakistan (GRID:grid.412967.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0609 0799)
3 Rawalpindi Women University, Department of Botany, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (GRID:grid.412967.f) (ISNI:0000 0005 0635 9169)
4 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Wroclaw, Poland (GRID:grid.411200.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0694 6014)
5 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Institute of Agronomy, Multan, Pakistan (GRID:grid.411501.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 0228 333X)
6 The University of Haripur, Department of Agronomy, Haripur, Pakistan (GRID:grid.467118.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 4660 5283)
7 PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (GRID:grid.440552.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 8318)
8 King Saud University, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (GRID:grid.56302.32) (ISNI:0000 0004 1773 5396)
9 Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Department of Botany, Bareilly, India (GRID:grid.411529.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0374 9998)
10 Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Kunming, China (GRID:grid.410732.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1799 1111)