ABSTRACT
Objective: Carry out a bibliometric study of scientific production on Territorial Development, in the Web of Science database, in the period from 2013 to 2022, using RStudio® and VOSviewer® software.
Theoretical framework: Relies on the literature on Territorial Development and its current context.
Method: This research is classified as descriptive and quantitative. Data were collected from the Web of Science database by accessing the Journal Portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, with a time frame between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2022. They were used for data analysis. RStudio® and VOSviewer® software and bibliometric packages Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny.
Results and conclusion: 422 documents were identified, with the largest scientific productions on the subject coming from Ukraine, Brazil, Spain, France and Russia. In 2022, it was the year with the most publications, followed by 2020. The most cited sources are: Regional Studies followed by Journal of Rural Studies. The main co-occurrences of keywords are: territorial development, governance, sustainable development, territory and rural development. With regard to co-authorship between countries, there is a prevalence of Spain, Brazil and France. The most relevant authors on the subject are: Mamonov K.; Medeiros E.; and Torre A. With regard to co-citation between authors, there was a prevalence of(e): European Commission; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; Torre, A.; Medeiros, E.; and Camagni, E. As for the most cited studies globally in the last ten years at the international level, there are: Mundler, P. (2016); Halbert, L. (2014); and Mordvinov, O. (2021). Finally, it is concluded that this study aims to improve the knowledge base on Territorial Development and the related field of studies.
Search Implications: The main limitation of this search is that it was restricted to the Web of Science, where most of the documents were articles. Therefore, it would be interesting to consider a broader line of research that includes other databases, such as Scopus or Google Scholar, in addition to other types of publications, such as books or conference proceedings.
Originality/Value: This study aims to improve the knowledge base on Territorial Development and the related field of studies.
Keywords: Territorial Development, Bibliometric Analysis, RStudio®, VOSviewer®.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Realizar estudo bibliométrico da produção científica sobre Desenvolvimento Territorial, na base de dados Web of Science, no período compreendido de 2013 a 2022, por meio dos softwares RStudio® e VOSviewer®.
Referencial teórico: Se apoia na literatura sobre Desenvolvimento Territorial e seu contexto na atualidade.
Método: Esta pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva e quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados na base de dados Web of Science mediante acesso ao Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, com recorte temporal entre 01 de janeiro de 2013 a 31 de dezembro de 2022. Foram utilizados para a análise dos dados os softwares RStudio® e VOSviewer® e os pacotes bibliométricos Bibliometrix e Biblioshiny.
Resultados e conclusão: Identificou-se 422 documentos, sendo que as maiores produções científicas acerca da temática são oriundas da Ucrânia, Brasil, Espanha, França e Rússia. Em 2022, foi o ano com mais publicações, seguido de 2020. As fontes mais citadas, são: Regional Studies seguido de Journal of Rural Studies. As principais coocorrências de palavras-chave são: desenvolvimento territorial, governança, desenvolvimento sustentável, território e desenvolvimento rural. Com relação a coautoria entre países, têm-se a prevalência de Espanha, Brasil e França. Já os autores mais relevantes acerca da temática, são: Mamonov K.; Medeiros E.; e Torre A. Com relação a cocitação entre autores, houve prevalência da(e): Comissão Europeia; Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico; Torre, A.; Medeiros, E.; e Camagni, E. Quanto aos estudos mais citados globalmente nos últimos dez anos em âmbito internacional, têm-se: Mundler, P. (2016); Halbert, L. (2014); e Mordvinov, O. (2021). Por fim, conclui-se que este estudo visa aprimorar a base de conhecimento sobre Desenvolvimento Territorial e o campo de estudos relacionados.
Implicações da pesquisa: A principal limitação desta pesquisa é que ela foi restrita à Web of Science, onde a maioria dos documentos eram artigos. Portanto, seria interessante considerar uma linha de pesquisa mais ampla que inclua outras bases de dados, como Scopus ou Google Scholar, além de outros tipos de publicações, como livros ou anais de congressos.
Originalidade/valor: Este estudo visa aprimorar a base de conhecimento sobre Desenvolvimento Territorial e o campo de estudos relacionados.
Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento Territorial, Análise Bibliométrica, RStudio®, VOSviewer®.
1 INTRODUCTION
The term 'territorial development' was coined relatively recently. Scholars tend to approach spatial development from a regional or macroeconomic perspective (Capello & Nijkamp, 2019), and have focused primarily on major regional issues, either using neoclassical approaches to growth (Pike et al., 2017) or economic basis theory (Alexander, 1954).
From this perspective, the territory is considered as a socio-economic and political project, geographically located and plural in terms of cultural and social reference spaces. It is also a practiced space, a "place" in fruitful social relations, proximity, neighborhood, which go beyond purely economic operations. This is a living space, marked by history and collective memory, by the exercise of reciprocity, cooperation, conflict and dialectics between local and global (Sarate, 2014).
To understand development from the point of view of the territory presupposes the adoption of a critical perspective when dealing with the relationship between space and subject. The meso aspects (economic, social and political) of the construction of the space (collective construction of the territory) become relevant and no longer only the analysis of the individual or the whole (Pequeur, 2009).
The territory includes an eco-socio-territorial environment, where the available social capital resources can lead to the reconstruction of the multiple dimensions of social, political, environmental, cultural, technological and institutional development (Silveira, Bocayuva & Zapata, 2001; Pellin, Alcantâra & Gonçalves, 2016; Maruizzo, 2017; Bernardino, Santos & Fagundes, 2017).
In view of these considerations, the research question that guided the production of this study was: Why is it necessary to identify research on the topic of Territorial Development in the last ten years? In order to answer the research question, this work aims to carry out bibliometric study of the scientific production on Territorial Development in the Web of Science database, in the period from 2013 to 2022, by means of the RStudio® software RStudio® and theVOSviewer®.
The proposal of this article is of great importance, since studies on Territorial Development play a fundamental role in understanding regional dynamics, reducing inequalities, promoting sustainable development, stimulating innovation and competitiveness, and guiding public policies. By analyzing the characteristics and potentialities of the different regions, the research provides valuable information for controlled and strategic decision-making, aiming at achieving balanced, inclusive and sustainable growth in all areas.
Accordingly, it becomes important to analyze the scientific production referring to the theme, in order to identify the main tendencies and advances in the area. Using computational tools such as RStudio® and VOSviewer® makes analysis more accurate and automated, making it easier to identify patterns and trends in scientific production. Thus, the study contributes to the understanding of the research already carried out in the theme of Territorial Development and to the improvement of new research.
The article is divided into sections, which deal sequentially with this introduction, a brief contextualization of Territory and Territorial Development, material and methods adopted in the study, analysis and discussion of the data, and, finally, outline the final considerations, bringing the limitations and pointing the directions for future research.
2 THEORETICAL FRAME
The following provides a brief overview of 'Territory' and 'Territorial Development', which are intrinsically interlinked concepts that cover the relationship between geographical space and human actions. The territory, besides being a delimited area, is a social product constructed by the social, political and cultural dynamics present in a given place. Territorial development, in turn, aims to promote the equity and well-being of populations, considering their specificities and potentialities, through public policies and adapted planning strategies.
2.1 Territorial Territory and Development
Over the past three decades, the French term territoire has been used mostly by Frenchspeaking social geographers and has seen some use beyond the French-speaking community (Barreteau et al., 2016). Academic understandings of "territory" vary significantly between, and even within, French-speaking and English-speaking literature, despite the same Latin etymology (Debarbieux, 1999).
Moreover, over the decades, territorial approaches are also widely used in sustainable development projects and agricultural research (Caron, 2017). There are several types of territories and they are often interconnected. While political and administrative territories correspond to the original meaning of 'territory', the concept of biophysical territories goes beyond the strict ethological notion of territory. Territories with a focus on sense of belonging have been highlighted in human geography when studying the links between territories, individual identities and collective identities.
Caron et al. (2015) suggest that three key elements of territory definition are generic and recognized. First, the territory is an element of continuous and limited space. The second element of definition refers to identity and ownership: a territory is owned by a social group that identifies with the territory. Here, the notion of ownership goes beyond, but does not exclude, property rights. Nor does it necessarily correspond to the administrative limits. The third element of the territorial definition is that it recognizes specific modes of governance and control over the territory.
However, the territory is not necessarily governed or controlled in the formal sense: in many cases, there is no governance of the territory. Its development emerges from cross-scale interactions between stakeholders. Also for Caron et al. (2015) the term "territory" allows to account for a spatial organization and scales hitherto ignored. Therefore, the heuristic of the "territory" is relevant to subsidize new decisions and actions.
Anglophone literature offers a range of related concepts, aimed at overcoming the emphasis on the identity and political dimension of the English term "territory" (Elden, 2010). Key related concepts include "space" (quantitative geography) and "place" (human geography). The concept of "place" has been particularly explored and debated by British and American scholars (Tuan, 1977; Jackson, 1984; Lippard, 1997). As Raffestin (2012, p. 126) noted that: "These authors attribute to the word "place" a social, cultural and political dimension that contains a criticism of the political territory, its rigid delimitation, and the state control that is co-extensive to it".
In simplified terms, territorial development can be considered as a process that "represents the change that aims to lead to the improvement of people and places around the globe" (Potter et al. 2008, p. Interestingly, or not, existing literature tends to associate the notion of development with the notions of economic and sustainable growth, social progress, political freedoms (Sen, 2000) and territorial governance (Walsh, 2014).
In short, although territorial development is commonly understood as a multidimensional concept, ultimately there is still no consolidated academic culture that includes "spatial planning" as one of its fundamental dimensions (Medeiros, 2019). Crucially, the importance of spatial planning, understood both as a process for regulating land and as a strategic and integrated vision for more efficient spatial planning, is largely absent from conventional literature focusing on conceptual analyzes of territorial development and territorial cohesion.
Therefore, territorial development is understood as a process of creation, retention and distribution of wealth and where spatial planning is a fundamental dimension necessary to achieve this goal.
3 METHOD
The methodology employed in this study will then be discussed, through the bibliometric analysis of scientific production on Territorial Development. To do so, the research passes through three moments: collecting data; bibliometric analysis and visualization of the information; and, finally, discussion of the results and final considerations.
3.1 Bibliometric Analysis
For Ribeiro & Corrêa (2013), scientific production has been evolving in recent years, being consolidated through researchers and evidenced by academic journals. In this scenario, bibliometric analysis is a quantitative methodology to identify the volume and growth pattern of the literature for a given emerging area. Gives a retrospective view of published literature that evaluates academic contributions in a focal field (Guleria & Kaur, 2021).
Moretti & Figueiredo (2007), point out that the bibliometric analysis brings a panorama of scientific publications about that theme in a given period. Along the same lines, Gutiérrez-Salcedo et al. (2018), emphasizes that bibliometry is a science that involves the quantitative and statistical study of the production, publication, use and dissemination of scientific knowledge from bibliographic databases.
The study adopted two effective techniques: performance analysis and scientific mapping. The performance review assessed the publications' performance in terms of production of publications by countries, authors, affiliated institutions and growth trends over the years. The other relational technique of bibliometric analysis or scientific mapping identified relationships between publications and explored the structure and evolution of the field of research. For this cocitation analysis, co-authorship analyzes, co-word analysis and thematic evolution analysis were performed. The analysis of citations helps to understand the predominant publications and authors of a research area with the help of citations. Researchers carry out the analysis of evolution to understand the process of development of the research field over the years and its future trends (Ding & Yang, 2020).
3.2 Data Source
The data source considered for the study was the main Web of Science (WoS) collection, on July 3, 2023. The WoS is one of the world's most famous scientific citation index databases (Clarivate, 2023). From then on, they researched "Territorial Development", in the English language, this approximate expression that were included in the title and key words. To this end, the time lapse of the last ten years, from 2013 to 2022, was considered. The steps for recovering the article and further analysis are shown in Figure 1.
In Step 1, 422 documents were obtained, the selection of which occurred after searching for topics using Boolean logic. The logic was "Territorial Development" OR "Development of Territories" OR "Development From The Territory". Among the total publications, the types of documents were: article (n=407, 96.45%); articles - early access (n=10, 2.37%); and conference articles (n=5, 1.18%). Records exported to all 422 documents contained complete information (authors, countries, year of publication, document types, source journal, title, subject categories, and references), including abstract and cited references. Thus, these comprehensive data derived from Step 1 were effectively used to perform bibliometric analysis and visualization of the information in Step 2.
In Step 2, we used the free software of bibliometric analysis VOSviewer® (version 1.6.18), widely used internationally, to analyze and visualize the relationships between authors, countries, journals, quotes and terms. Because it is difficult to identify clusters in the mapping and derive themes from them, VOSviewer® has an attractive graphical user interface that quickly examines these maps (Cobo et al., 2011). For the execution of the bibliometric analysis, in interface to RStudio® (version 4.2.1), the Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny packages were installed, developed by Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017). It is important to note that Bibliometrix for RStudio® has a built-in utility Biblioshiny with a graphical interface for non-coders, resulting in a comprehensive analysis with improvised plotting representation. It combines bibliometric techniques such as co-word analysis, cocitation network analysis, collaborative network generation, and Sankey graph generation to analyze the evolution of a research field (Guleria & Kaur, 2021). The VOSviewer® mainly analyzes the collaboration network by co-authoring, co-occurrence and cocitation using keywords. In Step 3 of this study, using the above mentioned software, it was possible to obtain the expected bibliometric results, according to the objective of the research.
For the layout and presentation of the results, the final stage of the bibliometric method, the choice was made to use the figures generated by the cited packages, at the discretion of the researchers. It is important to highlight that because this is a study that uses secondary data and is freely available in data repository, there was no need for submission to the Research Ethics Committee (CEP).
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Through the Web of Science database, scientific outputs were identified in the period from 2013 to 2022, which addressed the topic of Territorial Development. These data included articles, early access and conference articles. The number of documents in the dataset is 422, while the number of references is 17,579. The single authored documents have a total of 102, while the multi-authored ones are 1,084. A total of 1,186 authors researched the topic in the period covered in this study. Table 1 details and summarizes this information.
Figure 2 shows the annual scientific production in the last ten years on Territorial Development (2013-2022). In 2022, it was the year with the most publications, totaling 94, followed by 2020 and 2021, with 85 and 83, respectively. 2017 was the year with the fewest publications, totaling 11.
Figure 3 shows the ten most cited local sources from the reference lists of the 422 documents, highlighting Regional Studies with 219 citations followed by Journal of Rural Studies with 130 citations. Of the ten sources, Journal of Cleaner Production was the one with the least citations, with 64.
A measure of how often the article is cited for a given year in a journal can be defined as the source impact factor. It is used to evaluate the importance or classification of a journal by counting the number of times articles are cited (Oyewola & Dada, 2022). In this study, we used three different measures that are often used to measure the impact factors of the ten main sources on the subject, such as h-index, g-index andm-index (see Table 2). The Land Use Policy font was up with an h-index of 7 and g-index of 9, followed by European Planning Studies with an h-index of 5 and g-index of 8. As for the m-index, Sustainability had an impact factor of 1,000, this shows that the articles published in this magazine were cited more than other periodicals.
Figure 4 presents the ten most relevant authors in research on Territorial Development in the period 2013-2022. Mamonov K., Medeiros E. and Torre A., with 4 publications each, ranking first among all authors. In the last positions are - Akimov O., Arbolin R. and Atienza M., with 2 publications each.
Figure 5 shows the scientific production by country in the subject in question, in terms of publication. Geographical distribution of articles based on affiliations of all authors is concentrated in Ukraine (130 publications), first, followed by Brazil (89 publications), Spain (87 publications), France (83 publications), Russia (78 publications) and Italy (52 publications), in addition to the other countries.
Table 3 presents the ten most cited documents globally. It contains four columns: Scientific Article, DOI, Total Quote (TC), Total Quote Frequency (NTC) and Country. Author Mundler P. (2016), from the Journal of Rural Studies, ranked first with 98 total citations followed by Halbert L. (2014), from the journal Regional Studies, with 77 total citations. Of the ten of the most cited global documents, the periodicals Journal of Rural Studies and Habitat International have four documents, two each. It is also important to point out that Italy has three papers from the ten most cited global documents on the subject, followed by Ukraine and Spain, with two each. It is important to point out that most countries are European.
Figure 6 presents twenty words that most occur in scientific publications on "Territorial Development", shown in a TreeMap. The word "governance" was the most used with 21 occurrences (11%), followed by "politics" with 18 (9%) and "innovation" with 16 (8%). This demonstrates the relevance of words in publications, from a hierarchical view.
Figure 7 shows the keyword co-occurrence network. In this sense, the analysis of the keyword cooccurrence network helps researchers identify the fundamental topics discussed in a given area of research. In this regard, Zupic and Čater (2015) state that co-occurrence of keywords is a useful scientometric technique that allows visualizing and displaying the similarities present between frequently co-occurring keywords or topics in the literature. Thus, of the 1,894 keywords found, the cooccurrence limit of at least 10 was defined in VOSviewer, with a return of 19 keywords. Of these, four clusters emerged, with 198 nodes appearing on the network. Each node in the view constitutes a keyword, and the node size is proportional to the occurrence of the keyword in the revised literature. In other words, higher nodes indicate a higher frequency of keyword cooccurrence. The five main co-occurrences are: territorial development (75); governance (35); sustainable development (34); territory (24); and rural development (23).
In addition to the co-occurrences of keywords, in Figure 8, it is possible to identify the word cloud with the most frequent terms in the scientific productions on Territorial Development, in the last ten years (2013-2022), being the ten main ones: governance (21); policy (18); innovation (16); impact (14); management (11); growth (10); sustainability (10); state (9); systems (9); and cities (8).
Figure 9 shows the 24 countries with the largest co-authorships in eight clusters, where the minimum number of documents for a country is set to 5, while the minimum number of citations for a country is set to 3. In this sense, the co - authored analysis of the countries reflects the collaborative relationship between the countries in this thematic area, as well as the degree of collaboration. The largest nodes represent the largest collaborations between countries with research in the area of Territorial Development, with the thickness and length of the links between the nodes representing the cooperative relationship. The countries with the largest coauthorship were: Spain with 58 documents/282 citations and link strength of 23, followed by Brazil with 38 documents/69 citations and link strength of 13. France ranked third with 42 documents/214 citations and total link strength of 10.
Figure 10 shows the authors quote network. The citation of articles allows researchers to interpret the nature of the articles cited in the cluster and the interconnections between the clusters (Chen, Ibekwe-Sanjuan & Hou, 2010). Findings from the cocitation network, extracted from VOSviewer, show that the pair of highly cocited articles are those connected with thick arcs. A pair of quoted articles occurs when two articles are quoted together in a single article. The thick arches indicate a strong relationship between these articles and suggest similarities to specific topics within the field of Territorial Development. On the other hand, thin arcs signify a weak association of cocitation between cocitation articles and the lack of similarities of content. Thus, it is possible to identify the frequency with which two or more authors were most cited together in the same article (cocitation). The premise of this measure is that the more certain items are cited together, the more likely the content between them is to be related. In view of this, of the 13,015 authors found, the minimum number of fifteen quotes was defined in the VOSviewer, with 28 authors returning. Thus, the five main authors cited are: European Commission (81); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD (64); Torre, A. (58); Medeiros, E. (43); and Camagni, E. (36).
Therefore, through this panorama of the last ten years of scientific production on Territorial Development, between 2013 and 2022, this study brings possible contributions regarding the focus of research and the identification of existing gaps. In addition, the importance of international collaboration between countries on the subject is highlighted.
5 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
This study aims to improve the knowledge base on Territorial Development and the field of related studies. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer® and the package Bibliometrix in theRStudio®. The relational technique for bibliometric studies is based on the analysis of five main methods: co-authoring analysis, citation analysis, cocitation mapping analysis, keyword cooccurrence analysis, and bibliographic analysis. These methods were conducted in 422 documents taken from the Web of Science database.
Notably, in the last ten years, from 2013 to 2022, there has been a growth in the number of publications on Territorial Development. Furthermore, Spain is among the countries most cited when referring to research on the theme, with great global influence. It is also worth pointing out that the four leading countries in publications on the subject are Ukraine, Brazil, Spain, France and Russia, which holds 52.13% of all publications, which may infer investments in the area.
However, the results of the study often show a lack of national and international cooperation to address the challenges associated with the subject. In this sense, it is essential to increase international collaboration and research. The results also demonstrated the five most relevant affiliations of the authors in the studies on the theme, highlighting: Universitat de València (Spain); Lviv Polytechnic National University (Ukraine); L'Université Grenoble Alpes (France); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico); andVasyl Stefanyk Pfirpathian National University (Ukraine).
In order to study the most relevant periodicals, in this bibliometric research, we analyzed both quantitative indicators (volume of publications) and qualitative indicators (number of citations). Therefore, based on the number of publications, H-index and G-index, Land Use Policy and European Planning Studies were considered to be the most influential journals when it comes to the topic and the Sustainability with the greatest impact factor, based on the m-index index.
Keyword analysis also highlighted the main research areas related to the topic of Territorial Development, being: Environmental Sciences and Ecology; Geography; Economics and Business; Public Administration; and Technological and Social Sciences.
The main limitation of this research is that it was restricted to the Web of Science, where most of the documents were articles. Therefore, it would be interesting to consider a broader search line that includes other databases, such as Scopus or Google Scholar, as well as other types of publications, such as books or conference proceedings.
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Abstract
Objective: Carry out a bibliometric study of scientific production on Territorial Development, in the Web of Science database, in the period from 2013 to 2022, using RStudio® and VOSviewer® software. Theoretical framework: Relies on the literature on Territorial Development and its current context. Method: This research is classified as descriptive and quantitative. Data were collected from the Web of Science database by accessing the Journal Portal of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, with a time frame between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2022. They were used for data analysis. RStudio® and VOSviewer® software and bibliometric packages Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny. Results and conclusion: 422 documents were identified, with the largest scientific productions on the subject coming from Ukraine, Brazil, Spain, France and Russia. In 2022, it was the year with the most publications, followed by 2020. The most cited sources are: Regional Studies followed by Journal of Rural Studies. The main co-occurrences of keywords are: territorial development, governance, sustainable development, territory and rural development. With regard to co-authorship between countries, there is a prevalence of Spain, Brazil and France. The most relevant authors on the subject are: Mamonov K.; Medeiros E.; and Torre A. With regard to co-citation between authors, there was a prevalence of(e): European Commission; Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; Torre, A.; Medeiros, E.; and Camagni, E. As for the most cited studies globally in the last ten years at the international level, there are: Mundler, P. (2016); Halbert, L. (2014); and Mordvinov, O. (2021). Finally, it is concluded that this study aims to improve the knowledge base on Territorial Development and the related field of studies. Search Implications: The main limitation of this search is that it was restricted to the Web of Science, where most of the documents were articles. Therefore, it would be interesting to consider a broader line of research that includes other databases, such as Scopus or Google Scholar, in addition to other types of publications, such as books or conference proceedings. Originality/Value: This study aims to improve the knowledge base on Territorial Development and the related field of studies.