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Introduction
Dapsone (Dap), a sulfone-based class II drug chemically specified as DDS (4,4-diaminodiphenylsulphone) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic and used for the treatment of dermatitis herpetiformis, tuberculoid, Leprosy and other skin disorders [1, 2–3]. Dap has been categorised as class II drug under bio pharmaceutics classification system due to its high absorptivity and effective permeability value [4]. However, the poor solubility of Dap in aqueous media has reduced its bioavailability and stability range [5]. Over the past, various arrays of advanced formulations have been used to enhance the therapeutics and antimicrobial properties of Dap via providing controlled release dosage forms. However, the synthesis process of these formulations is quite complex wherein the usage of organic solvents and sophisticated techniques might be used during processing [6, 7]. Thus, it is highly necessary to develop facile, inexpensive and thermodynamically stable system for the targeted release of Dap to desired receptors.
In the radiance of broad versatility of advanced nanomaterials, carbon based nanodots (CDs) hold significant consideration in biomedical field. CDs have ascertained higher primacy over other nanocarriers such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nano emulsions, nanogels, etc., in forms of increased drug loading capacity, storage permanence and maximum elasticity in the modulation of the drug discharge behaviour [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13–14]. CDs have provided a unique nanovehicle with high biocompatibility, resistance to photobleaching and higher active surface area for biological components as well as drug molecules to attain sustained drug release [15, 16–17]. The highly water-soluble nature of CDs has further overcome the solubility issue of Dap which hinders its bioavailability, thereby limiting their release behaviour [18, 19–20]. Their unique optical and photoluminescence properties have made them useful in making effective fluorophore for detecting harmful toxins [21, 22–23]. CDs can thus be a considered as a significant aspirant for studying the interaction of drugs and protein molecules [24, 25]. Due to their relatively higher potential, CDs can be synthesized via employing various methods including: hydrothermal, microwave, solvothermal, arc discharge, electrochemical, laser ablation and many more [26, 27, 28, 29, 30–31]. The large varieties of natural precursors such as coconut coir, fruits peels, vegetable waste, single use plastics, wheat, rice husk, leaves have been listed in literature for preparing size-controlled CDs [32, 33–34]. Yuan et al. [35] have...