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Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles functionalized with stabilized trimers of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) have become a major focus in AIDS vaccine research. The additional incorporation of T helper cell epitopes into such nanoparticles might recruit pre-existing CD4+ T cell responses induced by childhood vaccinations to provide intrastructural help (ISH) for Env-specific B cells upon immunization. In this study, calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPs), that encapsulate an immunodominant Tetanus Toxoid epitope (p30) and display Env trimers on the surface (T helper CaPs), were evaluated in preclinical vaccine trials. T helper CaPs induced the activation of Env-specific naïve B cells in vitro, which was not observed with soluble Env trimers. Immunization with T helper CaPs resulted in significantly stronger Env-specific humoral immune responses via ISH in mice that were immunized in advance with a licensed Tetanus vaccine. The magnitude of anti-Env antibody levels in ISH mice was comparable to a control group immunized with CpG-adjuvanted CaPs. In contrast to CpG, the induction of immune mechanisms suspected to increase the susceptibility for HIV infection was bypassed by harnessing ISH. Having provided evidence that the utilization of T helper CaPs resulted in versatile, immunomodulatory features, the nanoparticle design was improved by an orthogonal Env coupling mechanism (oCaPs). To this end, a genetically encoded aldehyde-tag (LCTPSR) was introduced at the C-terminus of native-like, soluble Env trimers. The tag-associated cysteine is post-translationally converted into a formylglycine harboring an aldehyde group, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. This aldehyde was used for covalent bioconjugation with an aminooxy/alkyne-crosslinker. Linker-bound Env trimers (lnkr-Env) were then immobilized on the CaP surface via a Click reaction. Reporter assays based on fluorescent gel analysis and CLSM proved that the Env conjugation was highly aldehyde-specific and efficient. Most importantly, conformational ELISA and surface FACS analyses indicated that the pre-fusion conformation is preserved. oCaPs induced stronger B cell activation in vitroand higher Env-specific antibody levels in vivo than randomly coupled CaPs. Taken together, this study established a nanoparticle delivery platform for future immunomodulatory vaccine approaches and diagnostic applications in the context of various pathogens.





