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Abstract
The Persian Eye Cohort Study, a population-based cross-sectional study from 2015 to 2020, examined refractive error prevalence among 48,618 Iranian adults aged 31 to 70. The study encompassed six centers in Iran, employing random cluster sampling for demographic, medical, and socioeconomic data collection through interviews. Ophthalmic exams included visual acuity, automated and manual objective refraction, subjective refraction, slit lamp, and fundus examinations. Using the spherical equivalent definition, the sample population was categorized into groups. Results indicated a mean age of 49.52 ± 9.31 and a mean refractive error of 0.26 diopters (D) ± 1.6 SD (95% CI − 0.27 to -0.24), ranging from -26.1 to + 18.5 SD. Prevalence of myopia (< −0.5D) and hyperopia (> + 0.5D) was 22.6% (95% CI 22.2–23%) and 12.5% (95% CI 12.1–12.8%), respectively. Regarding different age groups, the prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism exhibited a steady and significant rise with increasing age (p-value < 0.001 for both). The prevalence of Myopia, however, showed a distinctive pattern, initially increasing in adults under 45, declining in those aged 55–64, and rising again among individuals aged 60 and older. Female gender, older age, urban residency, higher education, higher income, and Fars ethnicity were significantly related to a higher prevalence of myopia (p-value < 0.001 for all). Female gender (p-value < 0.001), aging (p-value < 0.001), urban residency (p-value = 0.029), and lower-income (p-value = 0.005) were significantly related to higher prevalence of hyperopia. Astigmatism (> 1D) was prevalent in 25.5% of participants (95% CI 25.1–25.9%) and correlated with male gender, aging, urban residency, illiteracy, and higher income (p-value < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.014, respectively). The study’s comparison with regional and international surveys highlighted the increase in myopia among those over 65 due to higher nuclear cataract rates in older adults. Myopia positively related to education, income, and urban residency, while hyperopia did not exhibit such associations.
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Details
1 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Translational Ophthalmology Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
2 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
3 Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.415646.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 6034)
4 Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Eye Research Center, Rasht, Iran (GRID:grid.411874.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0571 1549)
5 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Rafsanjan, Iran (GRID:grid.412653.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0405 6183)
6 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Nikoukari Eye Hospital, Medical School, Tabriz, Iran (GRID:grid.412888.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 8913)
7 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran (GRID:grid.488433.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 8339)
8 Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Ophthalmology Research Center, Yazd, Iran (GRID:grid.411746.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 4911 7066)
9 Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Ahvaz, Iran (GRID:grid.411230.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 6873)
10 Zahedan University of Medical Science, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran (GRID:grid.488433.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 8339)
11 Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan, Iran (GRID:grid.412653.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 0405 6183)
12 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz, Iran (GRID:grid.412888.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 8913)
13 Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Rasht, Iran (GRID:grid.411874.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0571 1549)
14 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran (GRID:grid.488433.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0612 8339)
15 Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Ahvaz, Iran (GRID:grid.411230.5) (ISNI:0000 0000 9296 6873)
16 Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.416362.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0456 5893)