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Recibido, Junio de 2021 ; Versión final aceptada, Marzo de 2022
Palabras clave: Cadena de valor global, Sector automotriz, Upgrading, Multinacionales, Empresas domésticas
Key words: Global value chain, Automotive industry, Upgrading, Multinationals, Domestic firms.
Códigos JEL: M160, M11
RESUMEN
Bajo el enfoque de la cadena de valor global (GVC), el trabajo analiza la influencia de las empresas multinacionales (EMNs) extranjeras en la evolución de las empresas domésticas para su integración como proveedores en la GVC. Mediante entrevistas a responsables de EMNs de origen español implantadas en México, se analizan los proveedores respecto al upgrading y, novedosamente, a la tipología de suministro, al grado de dependencia con las multinacionales extranjeras y a la participación en la GVC. Pese a su evolución hacia proveedores estratégicos, también se han convertido en excesivamente dependientes de estas EMNs. Esto supone una limitación en su posicionamiento en la GVC, una escasa orientación a la innovación y a la internacionalización de sus actividades.
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, globalization has been accentuated by the opening of international trade and the development of free trade agreements or tariff reductions. The manufacturing industry, and especially the automotive industry, has been a promoter of the globalization process through the fragmentation of production processes. As a consequence of this trend, industrial activity has been relocated creating a dispersion of productive units. In addition, this process was complemented by the outsourcing of manufacturing processes to automotive component companies.
As a result of this process, multinational companies (MNEs) have been established in local regions and, especially, in emerging economies. Latin American countries among which Mexico stands out has been a clear example of this process. The policies adopted by Mexico and, consequently, the mechanisms adopted have favored the development of the conditions for the establishment of MNEs in its geography. The automotive sector accelerated its implementation, due to the incentives associated with the entry into force of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). As a result of the increase and interest of MNEs in the automotive sector to establish production plants in Mexico, foreign direct investment (EDI) flows increased.
According to data reported by the Secretariat of Economy of the Government of Mexico, EDI linked to the automotive sector exceeded 10% of that received. As a result...