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Abstract
How did ARPANET or Advanced Research Projects Agency networks become the commercial Internet? This question is under-investigated given ARPANET is considered the costliest invention in history. How was ARPANET funded? The tax-funded ARPANET had to demonstrate feasibility before it could be commercialised. Sources indicate ARPANET testing occurred in anti-Communist counterinsurgency warfare that entailed neutralising alleged and real Communists. Since information is fragmented or non-evident research findings are framed with Max Weber’s ideal type and social order theory. What can we learn about ARPANET history through the lens of Weber’s theories? Weber's social order concept helps show how occupational status groups built and tested ever-changing ARPANET type networks (ATN) meshed with police forces in the US and abroad. Testing entailed illegal, unconstitutional spying that the public protested, and the government investigated. ARPANET passed military testing so why was it not commercialised in 1975 instead of being transferred to the Pentagon and then to the National Science Foundation (NSF)? According to Weber's social order theory presidential orders dictated ARPANET transfers. In the 1980s ATNs were distributed in low intensity warfare and base building abroad. The US telephone system was broken up and its rate averaging system terminated, which increased demand for affordable telephone service. The intelligence communities wanted non-evident communication systems. The government did not want to manage expanding and tainted databanks. Political leadership ordered the ARPANET backbone to be commercialized in legislated steps to appease the public and the intelligence community. The NSF contracted with Merit, IBM and MCI to commercialise the ARPANET’s backbone and affiliated networks. The companies formed Advanced Network & Services Inc. (ANS), which replaced NSF as Internet manager in a way described in Weber’s first dissertation. Conclusions include: 1) tested for counterinsurgency, ARPANET was revolutionary since it left no transmission evidence, could hide evidence and was itself, non-evident ; 2) causes for the government to commercialise the ARPANET differ here from other researchers’ findings because ARPANET testing history is acknowledged; and 3) Weber’s theories help frame a plausible account of the commercialisation of ARPANET into the Internet.





