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Contents
- Abstract
- Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Linking WFC and Strain
- Longitudinal Effect Between WFC and Strain
- The Direction of the Effect Between WFC and Strain
- Stability of WFC Levels and Persistence of WFC Effects Over Time
- Temporal Nature of the Effect Between WFC and Strain in Work–Family Theories
- Modeling Longitudinal Effects Between WFC and Strain
- Within, Contextual, and Between Effects
- The Within Effect and Why the CLPM May Not Estimate It Properly
- Length of the Lag, Study Timeframe, and the Expected Dynamism Between the Variables
- Summary of Theory-Method Mismatch in WFC Research and Research Aims
- Empirical Studies
- Transparency and Openness
- Population and Sample
- Measures
- Longitudinal Measurement Model and Measurement Invariance
- Results
- Research Aim 1: Random Effects Assumption
- Research Aim 2: Within-Person and Between-Person Effects in Comparison
- Research Aim 3: Direction of Causality Between WFC and Strain
- Research Aim 4: The WFC–Strain Effect Over Different Lags and Timeframes
- Post Hoc Analyses
- Family–Work Conflict
- Group Comparisons
- Discussion
- Theoretical Implications
- Stability of WFC Effects
- Accumulation of WFC Over Time
- Theorizing Longitudinal Effects in the Absence of a Clear Time-Orientation
- Methodological Implications
- The Choice of Lags and Time Referents
- The Choice of the Modeling Approach
- Closing the Theory-Method Gap Through Precise Hypotheses
- Limitations
- Practical Implications
- Conclusion
Figures and Tables
Abstract
Does work–family conflict (WFC) cause psychological strain or vice versa? How long do these effects take to unfold? What is the role of persistent WFC (or strain) levels in these processes? Prior research has left some of these questions open: Our systematic review reveals that WFC–strain studies have primarily used short (e.g., hours) or long (e.g., years) measurement lags, leaving mid-long lags underexplored. Moreover, while many work–family theories imply long-term effects, prior longitudinal research has often relied on cross-lagged panel models that assume effects to be solely within-person, not considering persistent between-person differences. We tested this assumption in five three-wave survey studies (N = 26,133) with varying lags (1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 1 year) and found it to fail in all cases. Employing the random-intercept crossed-lagged...