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Abstract
The auditory ossicles amplify and transmit sound from the environment to the inner ear. The distribution of bone mineral density is crucial for the proper functioning of sound transmission as the ossicles are suspended in an air-filled chamber. However, little is known about the distribution of bone mineral density along the human ossicular chain and within individual ossicles. To investigate this, we analyzed fresh-frozen human specimens using synchrotron-based phase-contrast microtomography. In addition, we analyzed the volume and porosity of the ossicles. The porosity for the auditory ossicles lies, on average, between 1.92% and 9.85%. The average volume for the mallei is 13.85 ± 2.15 mm3, for the incudes 17.62 ± 4.05 mm3 and 1.24 ± 0.29 mm3 for the stapedes. The bone density distribution showed a similar pattern through all samples. In particular, we found high bone mineralization spots on the anterior crus of the stapes, its footplate, and along areas that are crucial for the transmission of sound. We could also see a correlation between low bone mineral density and holey areas where the bone is only very thin or missing. Our study identified a similar pattern of bone density distribution within all samples: regions exposed to lower forces generally show higher bone density. Further, we observed that the stapes shows high bone mineral density along the anterior crus and its footplate, which may indicate its importance in transmitting sound waves to the inner ear.
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1 Bern University Hospital, Universityof Bern, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.411656.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0479 0855); University of Bern, Hearing Research Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5734.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0726 5157); Paul Scherrer Institut, Swiss Light Source, Villigen PSI, Villigen, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5991.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1090 7501)
2 Bern University Hospital, Universityof Bern, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.411656.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0479 0855)
3 Paul Scherrer Institut, Swiss Light Source, Villigen PSI, Villigen, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5991.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1090 7501)
4 Bern University Hospital, Universityof Bern, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.411656.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0479 0855); TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany (GRID:grid.15474.33) (ISNI:0000 0004 0477 2438)
5 Bern University Hospital, Universityof Bern, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.411656.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0479 0855); University of Bern, Hearing Research Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5734.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 0726 5157)
6 Paul Scherrer Institut, Swiss Light Source, Villigen PSI, Villigen, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5991.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 1090 7501); University and ETH Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.5801.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2156 2780)
7 Bern University Hospital, Universityof Bern, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland (GRID:grid.411656.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0479 0855); CHUV Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8515.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0423 4662); Lausanne and Sion, The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8515.9)