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Abstract
Trace levels of biologically precipitated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals are present in the tissues of many living organisms, including those of plants. Recent work has also shown that magnetite nanoparticles are powerful ice nucleation particles (INPs) that can initiate heterogeneous freezing in supercooled water just below the normal melting temperature. Hence there is a strong possibility that magnetite in plant tissues might be an agent responsible for triggering frost damage, even though the biological role of magnetite in plants is not understood. To test this hypothesis, we investigated supercooling and freezing mortality in cloves of garlic (Allium sativum), a species which is known to have moderate frost resistance. Using superconducting magnetometry, we detected large numbers of magnetite INPs within individual cloves. Oscillating magnetic fields designed to torque magnetite crystals in situ and disturb the ice nucleating process produced significant effects on the temperature distribution of supercooling, thereby confirming magnetite’s role as an INP in vivo. However, weak oscillating fields increased the probability of freezing, whereas stronger fields decreased it, a result that predicts the presence of magnetite binding agents that are loosely attached to the ice nucleating sites on the magnetite crystals.
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanocrystals present in many animal and plant tissues are known to be potent ice nucleating particles. Results from a study on garlic predict the presence of magnetite binding agents in plants that help to prevent frostbite.
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1 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute, Meguro, Japan (GRID:grid.32197.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2105); California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890); Kochi University, Marine Core Research Institute, Nankoku, Japan (GRID:grid.278276.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0659 9825)
2 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Research Center of Genetic Resources, Tsukuba, Japan (GRID:grid.416835.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2222 0432); University of Tsukuba, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan (GRID:grid.20515.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2369 4728)
3 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of System and Control Engineering, School of Engineering, Meguro, Japan (GRID:grid.32197.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2105)
4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Meguro, Japan (GRID:grid.32197.3e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2179 2105)
5 Kumamoto College, Department of Biological and Chemical Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kumamoto, Japan (GRID:grid.274841.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0660 6749)