Pilot study of the emotion cognition based on visual experience: A case study of roadside buildings in the Orio-Hibikino area

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to explore how the design of buildings and spaces affects our comfort. The study examines how our visual surroundings and emotional responses are connected. The hypothesis is that people's emotions are influenced by what they see in the buildings, spaces, and furniture around them. Each personality type may have a unique emotional response to their surroundings. The study has three main goals: to analyze the built environment, to assess psychological well-being, and to conduct neuroscience analysis. The built environment analysis is divided into two groups: architecture design analysis and street view design analysis. The psychological well-being analysis identifies three key factors. The neuroscience analysis shows that rectangular shapes combined with linear ornamentation and calming colors create the most comforting building design. The most comfortable street view includes an abundance of greenery with sun-shading effects. In conclusion, the study confirms that architecture affects our emotions. The factors that contribute to our comfort are stored in our mind and body over time. Our mood and emotional state are influenced by what we see in our surroundings. The questionnaire and experiment results support these conclusions.

Headnote

Received 1 December 2023; received in revised form 27 February 2024; accepted 24 March 2024

KEYWORDS

Architectural design;

Visual experience;

Person's cognition;

Person's emotion;

Roadside building

Abstract The purpose of this research is to explore how the design of buildings and spaces affects our comfort. The study examines how our visual surroundings and emotional responses are connected. The hypothesis is that people's emotions are influenced by what they see in the buildings, spaces, and furniture around them. Each personality type may have a unique emotional response to their surroundings. The study has three main goals: to analyze the built environment, to assess psychological well-being, and to conduct neuroscience analysis. The built environment analysis is divided into two groups: architecture design analysis and street view design analysis. The psychological well-being analysis identifies three key factors. The neuroscience analysis shows that rectangular shapes combined with linear ornamentation and calming colors create the most comforting building design. The most comfortable street view includes an abundance of greenery with sun-shading effects. In conclusion, the study confirms that architecture affects our emotions. The factors that contribute to our comfort are stored in our mind and body over time. Our mood and emotional state are influenced by what we see in our surroundings. The questionnaire and experiment results support these conclusions.

© 2024 The Author(s). Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

Architecture has developed into a sophisticated art form. Modern architects strive to incorporate psychological factors into their designs that support wellness and practical needs. Based on those conditions, this research investigates how architecture affects comfort through visual experiences that are interpreted in our minds according to an individual's emotional parameter. This is particularly relevant in outdoor settings with buildings and street views. The research's hypothesis is that an individual's emotion will alter depending on the man-made environment.

The discipline of architecture considers the psychological aspects when creating a building to ensure it meets the needs of its inhabitants and environment (Sultanova et al., 2021). It's fascinating to observe how the design elements in architecture are shaped by the residents and their way of life, which greatly influences the psychological impact of the surrounding area (Mostafavi, 2021). Over time, architecture has evolved into a refined art form that encompasses various ideals such as subjectivity, originality, and beauty.

This study delves into the impact of architectural design on comfort, specifically through the mental images it evokes based on individual personalities. Despite the rapid urban development, quality of life factors such as psychological well-being are often overlooked when selecting a design to implement. A thorough evaluation of the built environment's effect on mental health reveals that natural settings induce a more meditative state, whereas constructed environments tend to increase stress levels (Azzazy et al., 2021).

There are several important considerations to take into account. Firstly, it is crucial to examine various design elements such as forms, colors, ornamentation, and textures in urban environments, to meet the specific design needs of the field of architecture as informed by psychology. Studies by Ming et al. have demonstrated that architecture has an important role to play in relieving stress, through the use of various building forms which makes it all the more crucial to take these considerations into account when designing a space (Ming-Chyuan Ho, 2021). Based on previous research, it has been found that the use of repetitive shapes, colors, and ornaments on the roadside can significantly reduce stress levels based on psychological assessments related to architecture (Perwira and Dewancker, 2022).

Secondly, examine the level of comfort that users or residents experience in current architectural designs. Utilizing psychological theory and methodology, the effectiveness of current building designs in the research location will be evaluated. This objective is centered on the human element, with a focus on those who occupy the buildings. The visual elements of the external environment and architectural design have a notable influence on the individuals present. By understanding how people react, valuable insights can be gleaned for designers and architects striving to create effective and comfortable structures (St-Jean et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021).

Thirdly, the utilization of human mood and emotion for design purposes is suggested as a means to enhance the architecture and the designer's work. This point emphasizes the connection between point number one and point number two and explores the impact on human psychology through the lens of neuroscience. This concept is referred to as neuro-architecture. The ultimate goal of this research is to advance the field of urban design and architecture, with psychology serving as a key driving force behind design decisions made by architects and designers.

2. Research framework

The approach utilized in this study is divided into two primary stages. The first stage of the research process involves gathering the viewpoints of the research subject, in this case, college students who are the intended study participants (as the pilot project test). The participants" brain activity is measured in the second phase in accordance with the Kitakyushu area's architectural layout, which corresponds to their residential locations (Fig. 1).

The main scope and limitations of this research fall into three categories based on the stages that have been established.

1) Since we spend more than 80% of our time in buildings, the built environment is extremely important to us on a daily basis. Our mental health, happiness, and general quality of life are greatly impacted by the way we create these environments (Lynch, 1960). We may stimulate physical activity, encourage cleanliness, and enhance our general pleasure by designing a built environment that favorably effects our behavior (Channon, 2018). This is especially crucial since contentment can result in higher levels of academic achievement, enhanced physical and mental health, and increased productivity at work. Regretfully, depression has emerged as the primary global cause of disability.

2) Psychological well-being. Built environments have a significant impact on a person's level of stress, and study in the fields of psychology and architecture may be helpful in those and other related fields. For this research, psychological well-being is a broad area to examine in terms of comprehending human experiences. In order to record information about human behavior and personality, psychological health and the human mind are necessary conditions (Azzazy et al., 2021). Owing to the intricacy of emotion, an electroencephalogram, or EEG, is one of the most effective tools for recording mental states via brain waves (Li et al., 2019).

3) The study of neuroscience. The article titled "How do the emotions work" claims that an emotion is the result of a thought's reaction. Our bodies move in response to the emotion, and we then choose how to respond to it (Smith et al., 2017). Since the focus of the research is on the relationship between psychology and architecture, the environment (built environment) and behavior combination introduce new methodologies to the related fields of study. In other words, the intersection of neuroscience and architecture produces a new body of knowledge for scientific investigations into architecture and the methods by which psychological techniques are used to measure it (Karakas and Yildiz, 2020; Oktar, 2006).

This research follows a four-step assessment process, as shown in Fig. 1. Using a questionnaire, research participants" thoughts regarding their behavior, surroundings, and personal traits are gathered in the first stage. As seen in Fig. 3, this information is subsequently utilized to validate their behaviors in their living places. To make easy for the arrangement of emotions group analysis, there are big five groups of traits called O.C.E.A.N., or it comes from the first capital of the big five traits itself, such as Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (Edward et al., 2018).

Selecting the research areas is the second phase. The participants" residential locations will be used as case study research areas based on the information provided in the first stage questionnaire. This will help to personalize the experiment's data and make the analysis's conclusion more objective and comprehensible. This section employs a way of gathering images and videos of the street view scenery and buildings beside the road.

The experiment is the third phase. Once all the data pictures were gathered and the research subjects agreed to participate in the experiment, the experiment's methodology involved recording brainwaves using an EEG device and analyzing the results based on the emotions elicited by the participants' pictures. The experiment's steps are listed in Table 1.

After the experiment, the questionnaire is the fourth stage. The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather the subjects' ideas and comments based on how they felt and how they were feeling after the experiment. The information gathered will be used to evaluate street view scenery and architectural design, with the outcome being categorized based on the preferences of the research subjects' emotional group. The outcome of the study will be utilized to categorize the design prototype according to elements of the architectural design, including form, color, texture, and ornamentation. Following the application of the entire study process, an examination of the architectural design was carried out and discussed in light of the feelings identified by the psychological evaluation.

3. Materials and methods

3.1. Study area

Study area defined based on the most common route that the research subject's passing mostly. For example, most of the research subject's use route A than B, so the study area will use the route in area A for a better expression of their questionnaire answer. Based on the data collected, it was found that most participants reside in the Hibikino area, with the farthest living location being Fukuoka and Kokura. Therefore, the case study area was selected to be the Orio station vicinity, taking into consideration the accessibility of participants from the farthest areas via public transportation to the Hibikino campus (Fig. 2).

The study areas are divided based on the function of the buildings in those areas. For example, Area A is designated as the housing and education area, Area B is for apartments, commercial spaces, and public healthcare facilities, Area C is for education and commercial use, and Area D is for apartments, commercial spaces, and public transport centers. These designations are based on the road distance and the view that is possible for a person to see, such as being able to see something on a straight road for approximately 50 m, or on a winding road, based on the end of the eye's ability to spot something.

3.2. Questionnaire

There were two ways to disseminate questionnaires: printed copies and internet versions. In order to increase the number of participants for the questionnaire more quickly, the printed version is intended for use with close students who can assist in verifying the questionnaire's format and who can visit the topic research. However, certain students who are unable to meet in person when data has to be obtained quickly are targeted by the online questionnaire.

The questionnaire's goal is to getting basic information from the research subjects that can be utilized to verify their activities in their homes is the aim of this phase based on environments, behaviors, and personal traits (Fig. 3). The questions attached to the questionnaire are as follows:

1) Questions according to the subject character. This part is aimed to grouping the person's personality or as the title written characteristics, as a disclaimer for the result analysis in this research also as the limitation of the research subject participants. In general, this part will collect basic data based on real time feeling, personal recognition, and environment effect on mood.

2) Questions according to research subject behavior to collect their basic data based on their opinion according to space that reduce stress and activities that they're mostly doing while they're in way or trip (when person moving from one place to another places).

3) Question according to subjects" opinion in environmental. This part is aimed to collect the opinion of research subjects living areas, which is the data will be consideration to see the participant's character and behavior that already formed by the environment surrounded them that also will be affected their opinion.

3.3. Experiment

The methodology of this experiment entails using an electroencephalogram (EEG) machine to capture brainwaves, then interpreting the data according to the participants" moods as shown in the picture. The next task will be for them to choose three pictures from the collection that show the streets and buildings that most emotionally at ease or uncomfortable for them, based on their own emotional and personality categories. The study experiment will aim to elicit the emotions of Sadness, Anger, and Fear in different ways, as each emotion has a distinct personality (Siedlecka and Denson, 2019). The tools used for this purpose include the Emotive Epoc insight 2 with five sensors (an EEG device), Emotiv PRO (raw data collection software for the EEG device), and procedures depicted in Fig. 4.

Emotion and the affect are considered as separating terms, with the affect is an umbrella in the sense of bodily state or can be said it is particularly with respect to the detection of valence and arousal (Bower, et al., 2019). Basic emotions are evoked by instinctual needs in bodily sensing with complex emotion (Gu et al., 2019). For the comfort analysis, we will be focusing on the alpha wave (a) frequency range of 8-13 Hz, which will be measured by the EEG (Fig. 5). The final selected images will be determined through participant voting and will be thoroughly discussed afterwards.

3.4. Data collection

The first phase data from questionnaire is analyze by using basic calculation of excel to see the percentage of each category of the questions and found out the behavior of the research subject's to the built environment. Second phase is collecting the pictures data from the buildings based on the shape, color, texture, and ornament and based on the experiment and questionnaire after experiment data, the picture is being analyzed by CorelDraw and color picker to tracing, combined, and compared each of categories of the buildings, and street view based on the street view and street furniture. Third phase data is analyzed by the MNEPython program to visualized the raw brain wave from EMOTIV Launcher with the use of alpha wave as a comforting state of emotion. Forth phase is combining the data from all of phases and making analysis to describe the emotions conditions related to the architecture as the psychological effect (Fig. 6).

4. Analysis and survey result

4.1. Basic information and thoughts of students in Kitakyushu science and research park

At the start of our research, we began by meticulously categorizing the personalities of each participant, taking care to note their behavior, character, and environmental views. We then proceeded to analyze the data, which was collected through a specially designed questionnaire. A total of 71 students took part in the initial survey, and upon analyzing the results, we were able to identify 5 distinct personality types (Edward et al., 2018). It is noteworthy that the majority of students fell under the category of openness at 34%, followed by agreeableness at 21%, conscientiousness at 17%, extraversion at 16%, and neuroticism at 11% (Table 2). Upon further investigation, we discovered that a significant percentage of participants, 77.5% to be exact, agreed that their environment had a direct impact on their mood and emotions. In terms of their opinions on the effect of objects and living things on their feelings, the majority of students responded neutrally with 6.77 and 8.63 points, respectively (Table 3).

According to recent research, a significant number of participants (58%) reported that spending time outdoors is an effective way to alleviate stress. Only 20% preferred indoor activities, while the remaining 22% were unsure (Table 4). Among those who opted for outdoor activities, the majority (68%) expressed a preference for observing buildings, people, and greenery. Specifically, 28% preferred observing buildings, 19% enjoyed peoplewatching, and 23% found solace in observing greenery (Table 5).

The majority of research participants in the Hibikino region have expressed that their stress levels are reduced when they focus on the overall view of buildings, plants, and parks, paying attention to their shape, color, and scenery. The research has also indicated that spring and autumn are the most favored seasons in Kitakyushu, with 32% of participants choosing spring and 42% choosing autumn. This is due to the comfortable temperatures, Which were favored by 36% of participants, and the natural conditions, which were cited by 37% of participants (Fig. 7). These findings contribute to our understanding of what makes people feel comfortable in their environment (Channon, 2018).

As mentioned already in the study area, the research subjects living area is the most related area to be taken for this research data collection as the preparation of the experiment. The area and building spot are decided based on the most reachable area for the research subjects to possibly interact with. The data collected was then separated into the building figures and street view figures (Fig. 8).

4.2. Assessing the emotion through the condition of the figures of the buildings and street view sceneries

Following the initial questionnaire, the experiment proceeded with a select group of 15 students out of the 71 who had volunteered to participate. Among these individuals, 12 agreed to wear the EEG device during the experiment, while 3 chose not to. The students were then divided into three groups based on their emotional responses: sadness, anger, and fear. The collected data was analyzed and compared using Table 6.

5. Discussion

The purposes of this research are divided into three different groups such as built environment analysis, psychological well-being analysis, and neuroscience analysis. According to the environment analysis, two categories have been analyzed such as the building characteristics part and street view characteristic part. It is found that in area A with most of the buildings functioning for education and apartments, the shape most applied of buildings is curved and rectangular the form showed with applying dark, muted, and neutral colors which shows sadness emotion, and most of the texture appears on the surface of the buildings is raw concrete, the ornament applied mostly using liner shape repetition and squares ornament shape. In area B, most of the building shape applied is triangle form the roof and rectangular on the body of the buildings, the colors applied is warm colors with red, orange, and yellow tone mixed applied as happiness and optimism colors. The texture most applied is tiled as the cover of the surface of the buildings with rectangles and curved ornaments. From area C, the shape and form most applied is a mixture of triangle, square, and rectangular with the color applied showing an energy of fired up feeling and strong, bright, and high pigmented. The texture applied is mostly concrete with painted color with the ornament shape applied such as diagonal lines, rectangular, and lines repetitions. From area D, the shapes and forms most applied are trapezoid, square, and rectangular shapes. The color applied shows a feeling of chill out as the blue, green, baby blue, lilac, mint, white, and gray showed with a texture most applied is tiles which missed with the painted concrete texture. The ornament most applied is squares, rectangular, and some touch of curve (Fig. 9).

Based on my observations from the street view, it's noticeable that areas A, B, and C have a significant number of shaded pedestrian walkways, with varying sizes of greenery. The median road in areas B and C is also adorned with some greenery.

However, area D has fewer greenery in its pedestrian walkways. Area A has a moderately narrow pedestrian walkway size of around 9 m, and its street view is diverse with an enchanting mix of buildings, lush greenery, and tiled pedestrian ways with different colors and textures (Fig. 10). On the other hand, the street view in area B is wider, measuring 18 m for two ways, and is lined with beautiful apartment buildings and greenery that add to its charm (Fig. 11). In area C, the pedestrian walkway size is similar to that of area A, and the streets are dominated by tall, beautiful trees that provide ample shade for pedestrians as they go about their business (Fig. 12). The main road in this area also has a good number of greenery. Lastly, although area D has a wider street area, it has less greenery compared to other areas in the study, as indicated in Fig. 13.

Based on the analysis of psychological well-being, the following points should be considered for further analysis of the architectural design and street view scenery in this research implementation: 1) The analysis results demonstrate that the outdoor environment, including buildings, greenery, and social interaction, has the greatest impact on subjects" mood and feelings, and has the potential to significantly reduce stress levels. Since people spend most of their lives indoors, it is important to increase the quality of outdoor scenery and design in urban environments to balance indoor and outdoor comfort; 2) According to the data from research subjects in Kitakyushu, the prototype design for this research should consider aspects such as temperature and natural conditions, particularly spring and autumn vibes, which can be applied to the colors of plants, signs, or building accents to enhance the comfort of research subjects; 3) The architectural aspects, shape or forms of buildings, colors, and scenery of the building area also contribute to the ease with which research subjects remember or describe the areas. This underscores the importance of building characteristics in improving the comfort and sense of belonging of research subjects (Channon, 2018).

During the neuroscience analysis conducted through EEG device experimentation, the participants were shown several images of buildings and street views while their brain wave recordings were recorded and analyzed. The results of the study highlighted specific design aspects that can aid in reducing negative emotions. These findings have been meticulously categorized into Table 7 and Table 8 based on the duration of the experiment, and they can serve as a useful guide for architects and urban planners seeking to optimize the emotional impact of their designs.

The map depicted below showcases the most and least comforting buildings in the area. Green dots denote comforting buildings, while red dots indicate discomforting ones. The size of the green dots reflects the number of votes each building received. Based on the map, it can be inferred that buildings situated in areas A and B are the most comforting, given that they are predominantly residential and educational. Conversely, areas with commercial buildings, such as B, C, and D, tend to be the most discomforting, as indicated by the map in Fig. 14.

Based on our street view analysis, we have confidently observed that areas A and half of area B are the most comfortable for research subjects. The presence of lush greenery is the main reason for this, as it enhances their visual comfort and offers a soothing experience. Interestingly, the Hibikino campus area in area A is the most comforting street view location, which further reinforces our findings. In addition, half part of area C, which comprises apartments, sports buildings, and healthcare facilities, also offers a highly comforting experience due to the sufficient presence of greenery. However, areas D and half of area C are not as comforting for the research subjects as they lack proper planning for greeneries. The messy cables above the road in these areas can also lead to feelings of stress and discomfort, as clearly shown in Fig. 15.

To summarize our discussion on the emotional response to the architecture, we have presented a design based on the analysis results, with the goal of alleviating the primary emotions expressed by the research participants. For detailed information, please refer to Fig. 16.

6. Conclusion

As the hypothesis of this research, the emotion of the research subjects will change based on their visual experience according to the buildings, spaces, and furniture that their seen in the experiment and each emotion has their own uniqueness as followed as their personality group.

This research purposes are grouped into three points such as, built environment analysis, psychological wellbeing analysis, and neuroscience analysis. Case study area data picture, questionnaire, and experiment data have been collected and analyzed. Here are some of the findings:

1) According to the result of built environment analysis there is found that this research study area is divided into two, such as architecture design analysis and street view design analysis grouped. Based on the architecture design analysis there is found that most of the buildings in study areas is applying rectangular forms and shapes, also using liner ornament on the surface of the buildings, and the colors applied mostly identified using calming and cool colors such as green, blue, purple, lilac, mint, white, and gray. For the street view analysis group, there is found that the street furniture appears in the study area mostly not in a designed-well condition except of the street view area in educational area of Hibikino campus area. The greenery of the most study area is also not planned-well as it is found that the composition of the building view in some areas is hidden by some greeneries.

2) According to the psychological well-being analysis, there are three points founded such as: a) outdoor environment such as the buildings, greenery, and social interaction affected to subjects mood and feeling and highly potential to reduce stress; b) several aspects considered by the research subjects is the temperature and nature condition such as spring and autumn vibes can increase comfort feeling of research subjects; c) according to the architecture, the shape, color, and scenery of the buildings makes subjects easily to remember the areas.

3) As a result of the neuroscience analysis, the area most comforting (Buildings design focus) for the research subject is the area with most of the buildings type with rectangular forms combining with liner ornament and applying calming color such as green, blue, purple, lilac, mint, white, and gray. As the result from the street view, the most comforting street view is the street view with enough greenery with the sun-shading effect.

This study has revealed that the impact of architecture on human emotions is contingent upon the subject's level of conscious awareness, as determined by questionnaire results, or lack thereof, as determined by experimental results. Participants reported feeling most comforted by architectural features that their minds and bodies had become accustomed to over time, which in turn influenced their mood and emotions based on their visual experiences.

Furthermore, individuals felt most at ease in buildings and street views that aligned with their personal preferences, as indicated by the questionnaire results. It is noteworthy that these comforting environments were predominantly located in and around the Hibikino campus area, where all research subjects were students. The buildings that received the most votes shared certain design characteristics that helped them stand out as easily identifiable landmarks. This is a significant factor in fostering a sense of comfort and belonging among research subjects, as noted in the literature. Architects and designers can utilize these findings to create environments that are not only visually appealing but also emotionally comforting (Channon, 2018).

The captivating scenery visible from the street view, such as the vibrant greenery, intricately designed signposts, and breathtaking vistas, all work in tandem to create a mesmerizing ambiance of the area. The shape of the signposts on the road also plays a significant role in enhancing the comfort and ease of those traversing it. It is imperative to prioritize the aesthetic and design of outdoor environments in urban areas, given that people tend to spend a considerable amount of time indoors. This will ensure that the balance between indoor and outdoor spaces remains intact, promoting a healthier and happier lifestyle.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how manmade architectural design and environment can impact a person's emotional and psychological state. The study aims to collect comprehensive data on various architectural design elements that can be implemented in the design plan, paying particular attention to the Asian region. By taking into account the cultural nuances and habits of each ethnicity in Asia, the research aims to provide designers with a deeper understanding of how to create an environment that promotes positive emotions and mental wellbeing. Ultimately, the study aims to shed light on the relationship between architecture and human emotions and to provide insights that can be used to enhance the design of buildings and spaces to benefit people's mental and emotional health.

Current research has established design specifications that can elicit feelings of comfort or discomfort in individuals. However, there is a dearth of analysis pertaining to experimental methodology and raw data interpretation, which could ultimately enhance the accuracy of brainwave analysis (EEG). By restructuring the experimental setup and employing sophisticated analysis tools such as MAT-LAB and other computer software, more precise results can be obtained. Given that the experiment was conducted within a limited timeframe of only one month and one week, further research stands to benefit from a deeper understanding of the software and experimental procedures.

Ethics statement

The authors declare that The University of Kitakyushu Ethics Committee confirmed that no ethical review was required for this study. Written informed consent for participation was not required because all participants' data was anonymized before the statistical analyses were done.

Credit authorship contribution statement

Satrio Agung Perwira: Writer, Conceptualization, Methodology, Experiment, Investigation, Data curation. Bart Julien Dewancker: Reviewer, Supervisor. Dimas Herjuno: Software, Computer visualization, Reviewer.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Satrio Agung Perwira reports financial support was provided by Government of Japan Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology commonly abbreviated as MEXT as the organization that financed me as the main author for my doctoral education at The University of Kitakyushu.

Footnote

* Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected] (S.A. Perwira).

Peer review under responsibility of Southeast University.

References

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Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2024.03.012.