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In 1687, a group of five French Jesuit scholars, bearing the title mathématiciens du roi, ventured into the Qing Empire, heralding France’s entrance onto the forefront of the Jesuit China mission. Serving as intermediaries between Paris/Versailles and Beijing, the French Jesuits made substantial strides in fostering scientific exchange, notably in mathematics, astronomy, and cartography. In comparison to their contributions in these fields, their works on natural history remain understudied, a gap that this thesis seeks to address. The thesis delves into the natural history works produced in the early stage of the French Jesuit mission in China. The studies of natural history by the French Jesuits developed in close association with their cartographic practices in East Asia. As the Jesuits embarked on mapmaking missions to meet the cartographic needs of both France and the Qing Empire, they encountered diverse species and engaged with various informants, thereby contributing to knowledge production in the field of natural history. Their scientific pursuits extended beyond serving the imperial ambitions of the two empires. Driven by personal curiosity and a commitment to seek edification from nature as mandated by their constitutions, the French Jesuits capitalized on the mapmaking journeys to gather knowledge about the natural world of China.